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Oppositional defiance disorder studies
Oppositional defiance disorder studies
Oppositional defiance disorder studies
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The research articles collected sought to find information on Selective Mutism and used literature written on Selective Mutism for their studies. Bergman, R.L., Gonzalez, A., Piacentini, J. (2013) performed a controlled pilot study on Integrated Behavior Therapy for Selective Mutism. Results were favorable as rated by parents and teachers. However, parents reported significant improvements, but teachers did not.
Manassis, K., Tannock, R., Garland, E. J., Minde, K., McInnes, A., & Clark, S. (2007) replicated a previous study using a small sample. Manassis, et al. expanded the participant's sample number. The goal of the study was to determine if the intervention of oral language, clinical social impairment, and working memory would be helpful
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In addition, various studies that were the same generated different results. Some researchers argued that SM children remain silent to reduce anxiety (Scott and Beidel, 2011), While some claimed, SM children are oppositional and defiant. After researching this phenomenon through books, articles and studies, I believe that strategies will be useless until all teachers are trained to recognize SM children. Otherwise, a large enough sample of likely SM children will never be produced. The first step that Martinez, et al. took regarding teacher surveys will be the best route to determine what teachers need training in as it relates to SM. At this point, information in literature is so conflicting that all data collecting need to start from ground zero. As an example, while the literature reviewed on SM helped reveal the etiology of selective mutism, limited information and gaps in knowledge still exist and show a need for additional study to understand Selective Mutism (Viana, Beidel, & Rabian, 2009; Harwood, & Bork, 2011). Limitations of studies that appeared in the literature reviewed may be the cause of some of the inconsistencies in studies. As an example, the majority of studies found on SM came from literature and many of the treatments referred to in the literature expressed results from case studies, narrative reviews, or use of one particular case (Viana, Beidel, & Rabian, 2009). Moreover, while reviewing the literature, it was noted that some inconsistencies appear regarding various research, treatments, practices, and investigation of SM. According to Vianna, Beidel & Rabian (2009) these discrepancies were caused by researchers using the same structured diagnostic procedures, and this made the outcomes difficult to interpret since various
“Working Memory Training is an evidence-based intervention for improved attention.” Working memory training is designed to help those with specific mind disorders. The main idea behind this program is to use brain training techniques such as monotonous memory trails, to teach people to train their mind to better perform. Working memory training is also considered to be a good alternative to medication supplements for those who cannot take them. For example, say you have just been diagnosed with ADHD and you are prescribed medication from your doctor. Over period of time while taking your medication, you find that the medication helps with your ADHD but it causes you to feel depressed, a common side effect of most brain disorder medications. So instead of continuing the medication, you take on the working memory training program. Though there have been numerous studies proving that working memory training is helpful, there have also been studies that say otherwise. In recent years, these studies have proven that the training does not have as big of an effect on specifics such as attention, reading and language skills as it does with short-term memory. This does not mean that working memory training is useless. Over time, new developments of this program have proven to successfully improve brain function not only with those suffering from ADHD but also indecent educational performance, dyslexia, and several language disorders. With this information, we can only hope to continue furthering our research in order to better help those struggling with brain disorders. Now that I have described the merits of “working memory training” that is popping up to address deficits in working memory in people
Van Hees, V., Moyson, T., & Roeyers, H. (n.d). Higher Education Experiences of Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Challenges, Benefits and Support Needs. Journal Of Autism And Developmental Disorders, 45(6), 1673-1688.
...however issues such as reliability, validity and bias occur when studying brain damaged patients therefore is not always a valid way of studying working memory (in Smith, 2007).
Owens, Robert E., Dale E. Metz, and Kimberly A. Farinella. Introduction to Communication Disorders: A Lifespan Evidence-Based Perspective. Four ed. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, 2011. 194-216. Print.
Aphasia is an acquired communication disorder that disrupts communication and it can deteriorate a person’s coping potential and quality of life (Parr, 2001) which involve damage to the parts of brain that contain language (ASHA, 2013). Statistics from United States indicated around 25-40% of stroke survivors developed aphasia (National Association of Aphasia, NAA, 2013). Aphasia will affect both the ability to produce or comprehend spoken language and written language while intelligence is left intact (NAA, 2013). In US, it is found that the most common cause of aphasia is stroke (85%) and others including Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), brain tumor or other degenerative diseases (NAA, 2013).
Autism is a form of neurodevelopment disorder in the autism spectrum disorders. It is characterized by impaired development in social interactions and communication, both verbal and non-verbal. There is an observed lack of spontaneous acts of communication; both receptive and expressed, as well as speech impairments. A person diagnosed with Autism will also show a limited range of activities and interests, as well as forming and maintain peer relationships. The individuals will display limited interests, which are often very focused and repetitive. He or she is likely to be very routine oriented and may show behavioral symptoms such as hyperactivity, impulsivity, aggressiveness, and self-injurious behaviors.
As Alzheimer’s disease progresses, People become less able to carry out usual functions and activities. This is due to the death of large number of brain cells. One of the functions impaired by the disease is communication skill. Since people with AD have trouble remembering things, communication is hard for them. It may be hard for them to find words or forget what they want to say. When talking, the disease also causes people to talk without train of thought. The listening role is also affected by the disease. People can have problems with understanding what words mean, paying attention during long conversations and even find it very hard to block out backgr...
...n between the ages 1-5 showed some initial gains in cognitive and language functioning, which includes but not limited to communication, self-care, imitation, and play skills, and were placed in regular classroom settings. Although many strives have been made, some results suggest significant racial and ethnic disparities in the identification of children with ASD. There have been studies comparing behavioral approaches to general electric approached have found them to be lacking, but some of the programs were community based. When it comes to making treatment plans, some think that specific behavioral profiles may be useful in identifying which children are likely to respond to a particular treatment. While positive results have been made towards treatment, there are no ASD treatments that currently meet criteria for well-established empirical supported treatment.
Autism is a general term for a group of complex disorders of brain development. The Autism spectrum is vast and varies in degree of severity from person to person. The challenges that come with Autism Disorder include difficulty in social interactions, verbal and nonverbal communication and repetitive behaviors. Autism has been a diagnosable disorder since 1951. Treatment options have changed since the first diagnosis. Available treatment today has advanced over the sixty-three year span and has become the best possible form of treatment available for Autism.
The APA classifies selective mutism under DSM-IV. A child’s behavior must meet these criteria for diagnosis of sele...
Selective mutism is an uncommon disorder that still has many questions to be answered about it. Selective mutism was originally acknowledged by a man named Kussmaul in the 19th century. He named the disorder aphasia voluntaria to describe the disorder in which individuals cannot speak in specific conditions or to people. The disorder gained the name elective mutism in 1930s to further elaborate on the persistent inability of individuals to speak in certain conditions. Currently is it named as selective mutism by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision(DSM-IV-TR) and know to arise originally in infants and childhood. Children who have been diagnosed with selective mutism persistently continue to be unable to speak with at school and with their classmates. However, the child is able to efficiently communicate at home with his parents (Wong, 2010).
Among the vast range of anxiety induced disorders that exist, Selective Mutism may be the most disabling to its victims. It has been estimated that approximately one in a thousand children suffer from this presumed psychiatric ailment wherein the ability to speak is limited to the household or other areas of comfort. (2) Public places and schools elicit so much anxiety within these children that their natural capacity to speak is suppressed. Once a child under five years of age exhibits the behavior described, for over a month, and without having other speech impeding barriers affecting them such as autism or a second language, he or she will most likely be diagnosed with selective mutism. (2)
It is also associated with other disorders related to social anxiety and social phobia, which makes it difficult to diagnose and treat. Despite this, the condition has garnered a lot of attention as a childhood disorder that can have immense repercussions on the children and their families. Due to this potential impact of selective mutism, the various psychotherapeutic and pharmacotherapeutic management approaches of the disorder are extensively studied. More research on the biological and psychological aspects of selective mutism and the long-term outcome of the available treatment options is needed.
Therefore, unanswered questions regarding interventions that are most effective to treat SM in a classroom setting are almost nil among researchers. Furthermore, due to the lack of research concerning this issue, SM children are placed in special education classes that prove detrimental to this disorder. As a result, it is vital that more is learned about Selective Mutism in the environment of learning, so appropriate strategies are executed in the classroom. To accomplish this task, guidelines and strategies that close this gap in research are needed to address unanswered questions concerning treatment and interventions in the school (Krysanski, 2003; & Shippon-Blum, et al.,
Communication is very crucial in life, especially in education. Whether it be delivering a message or receiving information, without the ability to communicate learning can be extremely difficult. Students with speech and language disorders may have “trouble producing speech sounds, using spoken language to communicate, or understanding what other people say” (Turkington, p10, 2003) Each of these problems can create major setbacks in the classroom. Articulation, expression and reception are all essential components for communication. If a student has an issue with articulation, they most likely then have difficulty speaking clearly and at a normal rate (Turkington, 2003). When they produce words, they may omit, substitute, or even distort sounds, hindering their ability to talk. Students who lack in ways of expression have problems explaining what they are thinking and feeling because they do not understand certain parts of language. As with all types of learning disabilities, the severity can range. Two extreme cases of expression disorders are dysphasia and aphasia, in which there is partial to no communication at all (Greene, 435, 2002). Individuals can also have a receptive disorder, in which they do not fully comprehend and understand information that is being given to them. They can experience problems making sense of things. “Children may hear or see a word but not be able to understand its meaning” (National Institutes of Health, 1993, p1). Whether children have difficulty articulating speech, expressing words, receiving information, or a combination of the three, there is no doubt that the tasks given to them in school cause frustration. These children experience anxiety when...