SUMMARY: Chlamydia trachomatis is one the most prevalent bacteria that found in patients with Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs), which almost represent asymptomatic in society. Two hundred sixty urine samples of women in two groups (symptomatic and asymptomatic) were collected from patients attending STI clinic at Mehrad hospital in Tehran and tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the presence of C. trachomatis DNA. A total of 39 women in both group were infected (14.99%), which 27/130 person of them were in symptomatic group (20.76%), compared with 12/130 person in asymptomatic group (9.23%). A significant association was seen between C. trachomatis infections with history of STIs in both groups dependently and with urinary variable parameters such as WBC in each group independently, and with epithelial cells just in symptomatic women. The present study shows that screening strategies for chlamydial infections as part of routine investigations, especially in-married symptomatic women are
INTRODUCTION
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) are the second major cause of unpleasant disease in young adult women worldwide (1). Genital infection of Chlamydia trachomatis is one of the most common STIs and considered as the most common treatable and preventable STIs and cause of infertility in women (2). Although infection with C. trachomatis has been suggested to be a cause of infertility due to the sequels on the genital tract, but in many hospitals and clinics do not be routine screening for C. trachomatis infections. Nowadays, detection of C. trachomatis infections has improved with development of nucleic acid based amplification methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in urine samples and most countries estab...
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In order to optimize this strategy, sexual health services should become widely available, and the services should publicize in a comfortable and appealing way in Iran. However, asymptomatic C. trachomatis infected people have a key role in distribution of infection and may remain shadowy and therefore keep on spreading the infection to partners. Interventions of variable content may lead to favored changes in information, manner, awareness, self-efficacy, skills, and behaviors such as using appropriate procedures for contraceptive ways, sexually infection causes, and practice of protected sexual manners. Finally further studies in order to determine the correlations between infecting people and other variables needed in other cities of Iran.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This project was supported by the Tehran University of Medical sciences.
Introduction: Chlamydia Trachomatis is the organism responsible for diseases such as trachoma and the STD Chlamydia. Chlamydia is the most common STD in the United States, with about 4 million new cases diagnosed every year.
Catlin (1992) reports that many different media have been used to isolate G. vaginalis from clinical specimens. The most successful media pos...
Individual level interventions are essential when creating sexual health related interventions that target college aged students. Interventions targeting the individual level of the social ecological model are devised to make an impact on the individual’s knowledge, perception, and self-efficacy, among other factors, in regard to the behavior being changed (Glanz & Rimer, 2005). To find the relevant literature, the following search terms were referenced in both PubMed and Google Scholar: “STI”, “Screening”, “Behavior”, “Knowledge”, “Chlamydia”, “Students”, and “College”. This literature review focuses on interventions that targeted behavior changes in individuals in relation to a variety of STIs, including chlamydia, the outcome of interest.
There are numerous of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) that are spread across the United States yearly. According to the Office on Women’s Health, In the United States about 19 million new infections are occurred each year that affects men and women of all backgrounds and economic levels. Though there’s a number of many different STIs, human papillomavirus (HPV) is a most common STI that can develop into 40 different types which can affect the genital area of men and women (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). Mandating the HPV vaccine for the chance of eliminating cervical cancer is a great idea, however it is not sufficient enough to be positioned as a necessity that would violate individuals’ autonomy as well as penetrating the cost of the vaccination on individuals. Ethics in vaccines can be very delicate being that it often violates one right and/or interfere with philosophical/religious beliefs. There’s has been great controversy in regards to mandating the HPV vaccine and in the midst presenting ethical concerns.
Bacterial vaginosis is known to be the most common cause of abnormal vaginal discharge in women of childbearing age (Hay, 2010). Bacterial vaginosis is the result of the substitution of normal vaginal lactobacilli with anaerobic bacteria Gardnerella vaginalis and Prevotella, Peptostreptococcus and Bacteroides spp., which will result loss of the normal vaginal acidity (Turovskiy, Sutyak Noll, & Chikindas, 2010). Bacterial vaginosis is the main trigger of vaginal discharge or malodor in women (Hainer & Gibson, 2011). Studies specify that most women diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis are unaware of the infection; however, the fishy odor smell that accompanies this infection is usually a hallmark for its diagnosis (Hainer & Gibson, 2011).
Another research development was actually being able to test people to see if they have an STI. STI’s can be tested for in a couple of ways; physical exam and blood sample. With a physical exam, a health care provider may look at one’s genitals and/or one’s anus for any signs of an infection, such as a rash, discharge, sores, or warts. For a blood sample test a doctor may take a blood sample. Another test can be conducted by taking a urine sample. The patient may be asked to urinate into a cup and have that tested. Discharge, tissue, cell, or saliva samples can also test for STI’s. A health care provider will use a swab to collect samples that will be looked at under a microscope.
The Smear Campaign launched on 10/03/2014 by NHS Greater Glasgow is aimed at women aged 20 – 35 in this region. The campaign aims to diminish the barriers which are stopping women from attending their routine cervical screenings. It is backed by 2 famous Scottish radio DJ’s, Radio Clyde’s Knoxy and Suzie McGuire, and they are trying to promote the benefits of attending these screenings to banish the myths that they are painful and embarrassing. According to Emilia Crighton, Consultant in Public Health Medicine, “New research shows that the main barriers stopping women from attending cervical screening (smear test) are fear, embarrassment and pain.” (http://www.nhsggc.org.uk/content/default.asp?page=s1192_3&newsid=17764&back=home). They encourage women to watch their online video which shares the story of a woman who attended her routine cervical screening and was found to have early cancerous cells on her cervix. This smear test helped detect these cells and the 3 videos can be seen online via Youtube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z6QEdma5SDw, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Pe-Njiiv38&list=PLmuRxztsS0Nxxx-2_til-mHfG20topFyt, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XfO9bWNJHFA&list=PLmuRxztsS0Nxxx-2_til-mHfG20topFyt. These videos use humour as well as factual information to promote the benefits of attending regular smear tests, which is available for anyone to watch who has an internet connection. This campaign is widely promoted through the use of social media, these videos are displayed on YouTube and this campaign has been advertised on the internet and in various news articles.
Chlamydial infection is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted disease in the United States today. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that more than 4 million new cases occur each year. The highest rates of chlamydial infection are in 15 to 19-year old adolescents regardless of demographics or location. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), a serious complication of chlamydial infection, has emerged as a major cause of infertility among women of childbearing age. Chlamydial infection is caused by a bacterium, Chlamydial trachomatis, and can be transmitted during vaginal, oral, or anal sexual contact with an infected partner. A pregnant woman may pass the infection to her newborn during delivery, with subsequent neonatal eye infection or pneumonia. The annual cost of chlamydial infection is estimated to exceed $2 billion.
“Sex workers, their clients and regular partners are key populations at risk for HIV infection. Contextual factors such as stigma and poverty may further exacerbate sex workers' vulnerability to HIV.” (Sex workers: HIV/AIDS, n.d.) Because sexually transmitted diseases are rampant throughout the world, sex workers are expected to practice safe sex and also regular checkups. Although sex workers are not required to know the status of their client, it is often recommended that each worker asks their clients such questions. “Interventions aimed at empowering sex workers and providing them with HIV prevention, treatment and care, and support services have proven effective in a wide range of formal and informal sex work settings.” (Sex workers: HIV/AIDS, n.d.) These programs encourage regular checkups, and gives information about one’s body and health. “Interventions promoting awareness of safe sex and diseases should include promoting and supporting condom use, detection and management of sexually transmitted infections, behavior change communication through peer outreach, HIV testing and counselling, and antiretroviral treatment.” (Sex workers: HIV/AIDS, n.d.) These steps helps to promote good health and disease
Social cognitive theory, although focusing on individual behavior, does encompass personal and environmental factors that influence sexual behavior. It is important to understand that the combination of these factors can lead to positive behavioral change which could lead to a reduction in STDs in younger women. Regardless of other factors not being included in this theory the ability of changing behavior can always be introduced and targeted for specific
Today it is no longer a novelty to hear that teenagers are having sex. However, while this “bedroom” activity may be fun, there are now ample reports indicating that rates of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in teenagers have skyrocketed. Current data reveal that nearly 25% of adolescent girls who have sex are infected with one of the four commonly sexually transmitted infections-namely gonorrhea, chlamydia, herpes and HIV (Kann et al, 2015). Nationally, the prevalence of STDs account for 50% of cases in people under the age of 25. While every ethnic and race has been known to be affected, African American youth are disproportionately affected. These data are not a surprise to professionals who are engaged in adolescent sexual health because the numbers have been slowly creeping up over the decades, despite national educational policies to counter the threat of STDs (Sales & DiClemente, 2016). All the STDs have a significant impact on sexual and reproductive health, if they are mot promptly diagnosed and treated. Although many preventive strategies have been implemented in all communities, the rates of STDs are still increasing (Madkour et al, 2016).
Not surprisingly the lack of useful sexual information is one of the reasons of the spreading sex related diseases. According to The American Social Health Association (1998) each year there are near ten million of new cases of sexually transmitted diseases among the teenage...
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Sexually Transmitted Diseases STDs, a.k.a venereal diseases, infectious diseases passed from one person to another during sexual contact. STDs are the most common infections known. More than 12 million people in the United States, including 3 million teenagers, are infected with STDs every year. The United States has the highest STD rate in the world about one in ten Americans will contract an STD during his or her lifetime. People who do not know they are infected risk infecting their sexual partners and, in some cases, their unborn children. If left untreated, these diseases may cause pain or may destroy a woman's ability to have children. Some STDs can be cured with a single dose of antibiotics, but AIDS cannot be cured. Those most at risk for contracting STDs are people who have unprotected sex—without using a condom, people who have multiple partners, and people whose sex partners are drug users who share needles. Static’s show that Americans between the ages of 16 and 24 are most likely of catching STDs than older adults, because younger people usually have multiple sexual partners than an older person in a long-term relationship. Teenagers may be embarrassed to tell their sexual partners they are infected Teenagers may also be embarrassed or unable to seek medical attention for STDs. This means that they only more likely to pass the disease to other young people and have a greater risk of suffering the long-term consequences of untreated STDs. STDs are transmitted by infectious bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi, and single-celled organisms called protozoa that live in warm, moist parts of the body, like the genital area, mouth, and throat. Most STDs are spread while having sex, but oral sex can also spread disease. Some STDs are passed from a mother to her child while pregnant, when the disease enters the baby's bloodstream, during childbirth as the baby passes through the birth canal, or after birth, when the baby drinks infected breast milk. AIDS can be transmitted by blood contact such as open wounds, between people who share infected needles or received through an injection of infected blood. Some people believe that STDs can be transmitted through shaking hands or other casual contact, or through contact with inanimate objects such as clothing or toilet seats, but they can’t. Chlamydeous, is from trachoma is bacterium, is the most commonly transmitted STD in the United States.
...allergic to penicillin3. All individuals with a positive laboratory result for Syphilis and the sexual partners of those infected are treated3. Safe sex education, increasing public awareness and partner tracking of the infected individuals are being implemented to reduce the occurrence of Syphilis. A patient with syphilis should be taught to avoid sexual contact until they have finished their antibiotic therapy to prevent transmitting the infection to others 4. Patients should also be taught the importance of notifying all recent previous sexual partners so that they can be tested and be treated if necessary4. It may be embarrassing for infected individual, but the health care provider needs to stress the importance of disclosing the information to their sexual partners. All cases of syphilis cases need to be reported to the public health authorities4.