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The use of tragedy in hamlet
Theme of death in Hamlet
Analysis on the theme of mortality in hamlet
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The theme of mortality is recurrent in “Hamlet” and “Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead.” In both plays, not only do the main characters try to problem solve what death looks like upon arrival but characters also pass away. In “Hamlet”, after his father dies, Hamlet does not go a day without thinking about what happens after death. However, in “Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead”, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern explore the probability of life and death by flipping coins. The unavoidability of death and the curiosity concerning death is intensely observed by the main characters of “Hamlet” and those of “Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead.”
In the play, “Hamlet”, Hamlet is constantly trying to figure out what death looks like, as supported by this quote, when he says “To be, or not to be: that is the question…” (3.1.56) Similarly, in
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“Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead”, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are trying to problem solve what death looks like. Rosencrantz has a naïve opinion of death when he says “It’s silly to be depressed by it.” (2.223) while Guildenstern has a negative opinion when he says “Death followed by eternity…the worst of both worlds. It is a terrible thought.” (2.228) Although each character has a different depiction of what death looks like; Hamlet, Rosencrantz, and Guildenstern are all curious of the unknown. These two plays are also alike in the way that they have the same number of people die leaving Horatio behind. This is very significant because no matter when you die, you are always going to leave someone behind. The two plays contrast with each other because Hamlet is concerned with what happens after death while Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are concerned with the probability of life and death.
Hamlet is bombarded with the idea of suicide as seen in Act I when he says “O that this too too solid flesh would melt…”(1.22.129) and “or that the Everlasting had not fix’d this canon against self-slaughter.” (1.22.131-132) Hamlet is torn between living a miserable life and participating in a sin by committing suicide. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are more troubled by the fact that death is inevitable. The quote “Life is a gamble, at terrible odds” (3.242) meaning that there really is not a 50% chance of living and a 50% chance of dying considering everyone dies. This would make the chance of dying 100%. The flipping of coins in the beginning of “Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead” shows how it is possible to get heads twenty times in a row instead of tails. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern observe how people struggle with death even when they know it is going to happen for sure by the quote “…if it was a bet you wouldn’t take it.”
(3.243) “Hamlet”, written between the late 1500’s and early 1600’s, and “Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead”, written between 1964-1965, leaves a huge gap for the play “Hamlet” to be interpreted. The inspiration for William Shakespeare’s “Hamlet” is not technically defined but may authors think that his son, Hamnet, was his inspiration. Having died at the young age of 11, Shakespeare grieved for his son, Hamnet. The Elizabethan period encouraged the progress of the arts including writers such as Shakespeare. The queen, Elizabeth I, had an interest in poetry which influenced her actions of making the arts a popular subject. Shakespeare having lived under the queen, Elizabeth I, influenced his interest in writing plays. The formation of two theatres was also done during this time period. The famous Globe and Rose theatres were built to house the showing of plays. During this time period William Shakespeare was known for his tragic plays. Mortality is shown all throughout both plays. The difference between the two plays is which part of death the characters look at. In “Hamlet”, Hamlet looks at the events that happen after death while in “Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead”, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern look at the unavoidableness of death. Hamlet has a more positive outlook on death while Rosencrantz and Guildenstern have a negative outlook.
Throughout the play Hamlet, there are many symbols, characters, themes and motifs which have very significant roles. Within the context of characters, those with the greatest impact are more often the major characters than the less significant. However, in the case of one pair of characters, it is rather the opposite. The use of the characters Rosencrantz and Guildenstern in Hamlet is for more than just comic relief. They are a representation of the betrayal and dishonesty that runs deep within the play.
Hamlet throughout the play lives in a world of mourning. This bereavement route he experiences can be related to Elizabeth Kubler-Ross’s theory on this process. The death of Hamlet’s spirit can be traced through depression, denial and isolation, bargaining, anger, and acceptance. The natural sorrow and anger of Hamlet’s multiple griefs include all human frailty in their protest and sympathy and touch upon the deepest synapses of grief in our own lives, not only for those who have died, but for those, like ourselves, who are still alive. Hamlet’s experience of grief, and his recovery from it, is one it which we ourselves respond most deeply.
From the appearance of the Ghost at the start of the play to its bloody conclusion, Hamlet is pervaded with the notion of death. What better site for a comic interlude than a graveyard? However, this scene is not merely a bit of comic relief. Hamlet's encounter with the gravedigger serves as a forum for Shakespeare to elaborate on the nature of death and as a turning point in Hamlet's character. The structure and changing mood of the encounter serve to move Hamlet and the audience closer to the realization that death is inevitable and universal.
In Rosencrantz and Guildenstern’s world, however, things couldn’t get much worse with the main figures, knowing that the end of them is programmed in the title of the play. As adaptation, ‘Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead’ happens to be locked in the end set in the initial play. This causes a deep pessimism sense in the play that cries over the absence of change and action, based on the knowledge of the audience that the only change possible will happen to cause the protagonists death.
Rosencrantz and Guildenstern as minor characters exist within Shakespeare’s world, providing Stoppard with his protagonists. However, the play is not an attempt to rewrite ‘Waiting for Godot’ in a framework of Shakespeare’s drama. In studying these texts, the reader is provoked to analyse, compare and contrast them. In particular, the characters in ‘Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead’ provide intriguing material to consider the human condition. The characters, their personality traits and responses to stimuli, as well as what directs and motivates them, are worthy of discussion.
In his tragedy Hamlet, William Shakespeare explores and analyzes the concept of mortality and the inevitability of death through the development of Hamlet’s understanding and ideology regarding the purpose for living. Through Hamlet’s obsessive fascination in understanding the purpose for living and whether death is the answer, Shakespeare analyzes and interprets the meaning of different elements of mortality and death: The pain death causes to others, the fading of evidence of existence through death, and the reason for living. While due to the inevitable and unsolvable mystery of the uncertainty of death, as no being will ever empirically experience death and be able to tell the tale, Shakespeare offers an answer to the reason for living through an analysis of Hamlet’s development in understanding death.
Shakespeare’s Hamlet is a tragic play about murder, betrayal, revenge, madness, and moral corruption. It touches upon philosophical ideas such as existentialism and relativism. Prince Hamlet frequently questions the meaning of life and the degrading of morals as he agonizes over his father’s murder, his mother’s incestuous infidelity, and what he should or shouldn’t do about it. At first, he is just depressed; still mourning the loss of his father as his mother marries his uncle. After he learns about the treachery of his uncle and the adultery of his mother, his already negative countenance declines further. He struggles with the task of killing Claudius, feeling burdened about having been asked to find a solution to a situation that was forced upon him.Death is something he struggles with as an abstract idea and as relative to himself. He is able to reconcile with the idea of death and reality eventually.
Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead (R and G…) by Tom Stoppard is a transformation of Shakespeare’s Hamlet that has been greatly influenced due to an external contextual shift. The sixteenth century Elizabethan historical and social context, accentuating a time of questioning had specific values which are transformed and altered in Stoppard’s Existential, post two-world wars twentieth century historical and social context. The processes of transformation that are evident allow the shifts in ideas, values and external contexts to be clearly depicted. This demonstrates the significance of the transformation allowing new interpretations and ideas about reality as opposed to appearance, death and the afterlife and life’s purpose to be displayed, enabling further insight and understanding of both texts. Shakespeare’s Hamlet was written in the sixteenth century Elizabethan historical context, where certainty was questioned and there was a growing importance of individuals and their choice as opposed to fate.
Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead, written in the 1960s by playwright Tom Stoppard, is a transforation of Shakespeare’s Hamlet. Stoppard effectively relocates Shakespeare’s play to the 1960s by reassessing and revaluating the themes and characters of Hamlet and considering core values and attitudes of the 1960s- a time significantly different to that of Shakespeare. He relies on the audience’s already established knowledge of Hamlet and transforms a revenge tragedy into an Absurd drama, which shifts the focus from royalty to common man. Within Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead, Stoppard uses a play within a play to blur the line that defines reality, and in doing so creates confusion both onstage- with his characters, and offstage- with the audience. Using these techniques, Stoppard is able make a statement about his society, creating a play that reflected the attitudes and circumstances of the 1960s, therefore making it more relevant and relatable to the audiences of that time.
Shakespeare begins to emphasize mortality throughout the play even more in Act 3, Scene 1 when Hamlet is now discussing to himself whether he should kill himself. In the last soliloquy he was understanding how its a crime and a sin to commit suicide but in act 3 scene 1 his mindset changes dramatically. He states “ To be or not to be—that is the question: Whether it is nobler in the mind to suffer”(3.1.64-65). Hamlet is now asking himself if he should die, should he commit suicide. Would it be worth living in?
death is like. This is the thesis of Hamlet’s first paradox. The saying that “grass is always greener on the other side of the fence” does not hold true when dealing with human life. Life is a struggling, so why do we endure it? Hamlet reminds us that “ . . . in that sleep of death what dreams may come,/ When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,/ Must give us pause” (III.i.67-69). The reason that people do not give up their lives is because they do not know what it is to become of them after they die. Man is trapped in life by the enigma of death---the unknowns. He generally wishes to give his life up for something better; he cannot because there is no knowing whether death is a better alternative or not. Even though a better life is promised to us after death, one cannot get ot that place when taking one’s own life.
Hamlet’s exploration of mortality is most notable in his Act 3, Scene 1 soliloquy. He asks what is the point of life, if we exist only to suffer “The heartache and the thousand natural shocks/ That flesh is heir to” (Lines 63- 64)? Why do we force ourselves to endure this when we could just end it all? It is fear, a paralysing fear of the unknown; “For in that sleep of death what dreams may come,/ When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,/ Must give us pause” (Lines 67 - 69).
Hamlet’s psychological influence demonstrates his dread of both death and life. In Hamlet’s famous soliloquy, “To be or not to be” (3.1.64), he refers the “be” to life and further asks “whether ‘tis nobler in the mind to suffer the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune” (3.1.65.66). By this, Hamlet is asking himself the question of whether to live or die.
Also in Hamlet this occurs, Hamlet contemplates life, death and suicide, this is done through various soliloquies spread throughout the play, for example 'to die, to sleep- No more; and by a sleep to say we end'.
Hamlet is one of the most often-performed and studied plays in the English language. The story might have been merely a melodramatic play about murder and revenge, butWilliam Shakespeare imbued his drama with a sensitivity and reflectivity that still fascinates audiences four hundred years after it was first performed. Hamlet is no ordinary young man, raging at the death of his father and the hasty marriage of his mother and his uncle. Hamlet is cursed with an introspective nature; he cannot decide whether to turn his anger outward or in on himself. The audience sees a young man who would be happiest back at his university, contemplating remote philosophical matters of life and death. Instead, Hamlet is forced to engage death on a visceral level, as an unwelcome and unfathomable figure in his life. He cannot ignore thoughts of death, nor can he grieve and get on with his life, as most people do. He is a melancholy man, and he can see only darkness in his future—if, indeed, he is to have a future at all. Throughout the play, and particularly in his two most famous soliloquies, Hamlet struggles with the competing compulsions to avenge his father’s death or to embrace his own. Hamlet is a man caught in a moral dilemma, and his inability to reach a resolution condemns himself and nearly everyone close to him.