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Factors affecting ethical decision making
Personal values on ethical decision making
Teleological and deontological ethical theories
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In the excerpt of Moral Inquiry, Ronald F. White discusses some big points of ethical decision making that is presented in the framework at the Markkula Center. White explains the beliefs of human beings, and although some human behavior is good, others are viewed as bad. White asserts that things that used to be believed in the past are now fantasies (279). When human being claims their beliefs, it often clashes with the beliefs of others. Sometimes people’s beliefs do not match their behavior. He primarily focuses on the good. He concentrates on moral theories to answer questions about the good. “What is good, why it is good, and where is the good located (280).” White differentiates between three kinds of moral theories throughout the excerpt of his book, comparing Teleological Ethical Theories, Deontological Moral Theories, and Virtue-Based Moral Theories. White first addresses Teleological Ethical Theories. Teleological Ethical Theories basically is concerned with the consequences of actions rather than the behavior. Therefore, the way human behaves gets praised or blamed. White says the purpose of teleological thinking is to accomplish a goal. The objective is to also to find the good in every outcome and what would happen because of …show more content…
This theory opposes the teleological perspective. Deontological thinkers focus on the right and wrong actions, instead of the consequences of actions. White states, according to numerous scholars, moral goodness and the outcome of one’s actions has no correlations. He further explains that rules are set in place for a reason. The rules are there for people to follow, so it is their duty to abide by them (281). To determine if the circumstance is good or bad you must decide if the action is good or bad and follow the rules. The basics of deontological thinking is doing the right thing, because it is the right thing to do, and avoiding the wrong because it is not the right thing to
A disturbing thought about man’s ethical barometer is that most of the theories, categories and principles emanate from the point of man’s reason. There is a cause to shudder at the thought of man as the absolute authority of what is right and wrong; what is ethical and what is not. Born into a sinful nature, man will ultimately make decisions that will lead to a moral philosophy that is shaky at best. Even philosophers with the best of intentions fall short to God’s model for the order, organization, and meting out of ethical actions. Because of man’s finite vision of what should be done to improve the present situation, mankind will always be found lacking in making the best ethical decisions; not being able to see the long term outcome and the impact those decisions and actions would have on others in the world.
The basis of this paper is centered around two somewhat conflicting moral theories that aim to outline two ways of ethical thinking. The theory behind both rule consequentialism and Kantian ethics will be compared and evaluated. These theories can then be applied to a relatively complex moral case known as the “Jim and the Indians” example.
The Teleological Ethical Theories are concerned with the consequences of actions which means the basic standards of our actions being morally right or wrong depends on the good or evil generated (Business Jargons, n.d.). More specifically this campaign relates
There are two basic types of ethical judgments: deontological judgements that focus on duty and obligation and eudaimonist judgements that focus on human excellence and the nature of the good life. I contend that we must carefully distinguish these two types of judgement and not try to understand one as a special case of the other. Ethical theories may be usefully divided into two main kinds, deontological or eudaimonist, on the basis of whether they take one of the other of these types of judgement as primary. A second important contention, which this paper supports but does not attempt to justify fully, is that neither type of theory trumps the other, nor should we subsume them under some more encompassing ethical synthesis.
The deontological view would be that we should act according to a set of rules, obligations, or duties that we must fulfil, unmindful of the consequences. Kant, a popular deontological philosopher of the 19th century, wrote in his “Foundations of Metaphysics of Morals”,
For many years now, people have always wondered what ethical principle is the right one to follow. These individuals are all seeking the answer to the question that the ethical principles are trying to clarify: What defines moral behavior? The Divine Command Theory and the theories of cultural relativism are two principles of many out there that provide us with explanations on what our ethical decisions are based on and what we consider to be our moral compass in life. Even though these two theories make well-supported arguments on why they are the right principle to follow, it is hard to pinpoint which one should guide our choices because of the wide array of ethical systems. Therefore, what is morally right or wrong differs greatly depending
Stocker believes that mainstream ethical theories, like consequentialism and deontology, make it impossible for people to reconcile their reasons and motives because these theories demand that people perform acts for the sake of duty or for the good, as opposed to because they care about the people who are affected by their actions.
German philosopher Immanuel Kant popularized the philosophy of deontology, which is described as actions that are based on obligation rather than personal gain or happiness (Rich & Butts, 2014). While developing his theory, Kant deemed two qualities that are essential for an action to be deemed an ethical. First, he believed it was never acceptable to sacrifice freedom of others to achieve a desired goal. In other words, he believed in equal respect for all humans. Each human has a right for freedom and justice, and if an action takes away the freedom of another, it is no longer ethical or morally correct. Secondly, he held that good will is most important, and that what is good is not determined by the outcome of the situation but by the action made (Johnson, 2008). In short, he simply meant that the consequences of a situation do not matter, only the intention of an action. Kant also declared that for an act to be considered morally correct, the act must be driven by duty alone. By extension, there could be no other motivation such as lo...
Ethics can be defined as "the conscious reflection on our moral beliefs with the aim of improving, extending or refining those beliefs in some way." (Dodds, Lecture 2) Kantian moral theory and Utilitarianism are two theories that attempt to answer the ethical nature of human beings. This paper will attempt to explain how and why Kantian moral theory and Utilitarianism differ as well as discuss why I believe Kant's theory provides a more plausible account of ethics.
In everyday experience one is likely to encounter ethical dilemmas. This paper presents one framework for working through any given dilemma. I have chosen to integrate three theories from Ruggerio Vicent, Bernard Lonergan and Robert Kegan. When making a deceison you must collabrate different views to come to a one conclusion. Ruggerio factors in different aspects that will take effect. Depending on which order of conciousness you are in by Kegan we can closely compare this with Ruggerio's theories also. As I continue I will closely describe the three theories with Kegan and how this will compare with Lonerga's theory combining the three. While Family,
Also, since deontologists place a high value on the individual, in some instances it is permissible not to maximize the good when it is detrimental to yourself. For example, one does not need to impoverish oneself to the point of worthlessness simply to satisfy one’s moral obligations. Deontology can be looked at as a generally flexible moral theory that allows for self-interpretation but like all others theories studied thus far, there are arguments one can make against its reasoning. One objection to deontological moral theory is that the theory yields only absolutes and cannot always justify its standpoints.
Over time, the actions of mankind have been the victim of two vague labels, right and wrong. The criteria for these labels are not clearly defined, but they still seem to be the standard by which the actions of man are judged. There are some people that abide by a deontological view when it comes to judging the nature of actions; the deontological view holds that it is a person's intention that makes an action right or wrong. On the other hand there is the teleological view which holds that it is the result of an action is what makes that act right or wrong. In this essay I will be dealing with utilitarianism, a philosophical principle that holds a teleological view when it comes the nature of actions. To solely discuss utilitarianism is much too broad of topic and must be broken down, so I will discuss specifically quantitative utilitarianism as presented by Jeremy Bentham. In this essay I will present the argument of Bentham supporting his respective form of utilitarianism and I will give my critique of this argument along the way.
Deontology, on the other hand, emphasizes on the moral intuitions that guide one’s conscience for or against certain actions (Curcă, 2013). Deontologists are the opposites of utilitarians because the essential judgment of taking or not taking a course of action is observed in its strictest sense. Apart from feelings and conditions, deontologists also consider the consequences of not following religious rules and natural laws of morality to guide every course of action. Thus, deontologists value three major principles of decision-making: intrinsic morality, the duty of care, and the moral consequences of an action.
Unlike religion and law which determines ethical standards based on authority and because ethical relativism is limited to the perspective of sole individuals or societies, philosophers have established an ethical standard through logic and reason that can be applied universally based on the basic needs or overall ‘well-being’ of the human experience; arguing that the meeting of these needs produce the most contentment and satisfaction with life on a fundamental level. These needs pertain to the material conditions necessary for survival and ways in which individuals have the right to be treated. For example, every individual has a basic need for shelter, food, and clothing. In addition, every human being has the basic need for freedom, the ability to choose, personal security, as well as the right to be treated equally, fairly, justly, with dignity, and so on. However, this ethical standard aspires that in pursuing our own needs, we should also be diligent not to compromise the same fundamental needs of others. Two approaches that philosophers use to do this are through the application of results-oriented or Teleological Ethics (Utilitarianism), and act-oriented or Deontological Ethics.
On the other hand, Richter does not look at what is deemed good or bad, but rather what the induvial ought to do (118-19). He goes on to say that the idea of “Morality” pays more attention to decision making. The basis of his argument is put into terms of teleology and deontology. Deontology refers to the fact that we should obey the rules because they are the rules, regardless of context or justification for breaking such rules.