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What is Beauty
True meaning of beauty
Similarity between deontological and teleological theories of ethics
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Recommended: What is Beauty
At first glance, many would define these idea without the input of religion. Most of how I define these ideas are subjective, and from an outsiders’ point of view into religious ideas. Beauty to me is the most subjective out of the three to define, and needs context in order to do so. It can be an emotional or physical thing, either felt or seen. When talking about non-religious aspects of life, beauty can be a person, place, or thing. Usually I have emotional ties with that aspect in order to call it “beautiful.” Truth to me is seen as something that can be proven or disproven, yet this idea gets complicated when intermixing with religion. Those who believe certain things to be true, such as Gods existence, hold that to be their truth. But, …show more content…
This is an idea I have come to learn to believe from this class, as I have not had any ties to God or religious faith. Richter includes that beauty is seen or felt from a religious experience, in forms such as: music, art, dance, or scriptures (168-69). Now what separates a religious experience from any other experience? A religious experience is often defined as such by someone who truly believes that. Making these experiences personal and subjective. Many religious groups have their own reasons as to why their faith is beautiful. Christian philosopher Thomas Aquinas popularized the term Beatific Vision, meaning that God strengthens us by the “light of glory.” This relates to a Christian doctrine that suggests that God loves the world, so he must love “me,” making the individual whole and happy in God’s presence. In contrast, Baha’i’s believe that we shine off of God’s perfections, truth, and attributes. From Richter’s ideas, I formed a new definition of beauty: beauty is a religious truth that is seen as beautiful to those who follow a certain faith or system of beliefs. I find that because beauty is so subjective, everyone should have the right to their opinion. I respect anyone who stays to true to what they believe, regardless of what other people think, that in itself it quite beautiful. As we can see, truth also plays a big role in defining beauty.
Satori
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On the other hand, Richter does not look at what is deemed good or bad, but rather what the induvial ought to do (118-19). He goes on to say that the idea of “Morality” pays more attention to decision making. The basis of his argument is put into terms of teleology and deontology.
Deontology refers to the fact that we should obey the rules because they are the rules, regardless of context or justification for breaking such rules. Often it keeps us from doing things only for the end result, rules guide us to do the right thing even if that takes away our hoped-for result.
Teleology holds the total opposite idea, where our actions are justified by what we accomplish in the end.
One interesting idea Richter brings up is that goodness or morality is neither teleological or deontological. Moral exemplars refer to the idea that most religions do not have a specific way they want their people to live or abide by. The hope is that their followers will gain a strong understanding of what it means to live by these ideals, eventually inspiring others to do the
Nielsen’s next major premise is that if a consequentialist is faced with a decision from which the overall value of the consequences is unclear, then consequentialism should yield to the relevant deontological rule. That is to say, if it is possible that violating a deontological rule to bring about greater good may l...
Servomaa, Sonja. “Nature Of Beauty—Beauty Of Nature.” Dialogue & Universalism 15.1/2 (2005): Academic Search Premier. Web.
A disturbing thought about man’s ethical barometer is that most of the theories, categories and principles emanate from the point of man’s reason. There is a cause to shudder at the thought of man as the absolute authority of what is right and wrong; what is ethical and what is not. Born into a sinful nature, man will ultimately make decisions that will lead to a moral philosophy that is shaky at best. Even philosophers with the best of intentions fall short to God’s model for the order, organization, and meting out of ethical actions. Because of man’s finite vision of what should be done to improve the present situation, mankind will always be found lacking in making the best ethical decisions; not being able to see the long term outcome and the impact those decisions and actions would have on others in the world.
The Teleological Ethical Theories are concerned with the consequences of actions which means the basic standards of our actions being morally right or wrong depends on the good or evil generated (Business Jargons, n.d.). More specifically this campaign relates
According to deontology, people have an obligation that is imposed upon them by the duty to perform certain actions without due consideration on their consequential outcomes, (Braswell, McCarthy & McCarthy, 2011). This explains the instances where it is morally justified to perform a certain action whose pain is greater than the collective pleasures that can be derived from it, (Braswell, McCarthy & McCarthy, 2011). One of the major contributors to the deontological ethical theory is Emmanuel Kant. Deontologists include other ideologies that are inherently lacking among the consequentialist theories, particularly the utilitarianism. These aspects include the duty to act as well as a consideration of the intention to do what is right against what is wrong, (Braswell, McCarthy & McCarthy, 2011). Deontological theorists argue that good intentions or good will is what informs the moral worth of an action and not just a consideration of the
In his article "The Schizophrenia of Modern Ethical Theories," Michael Stocker argues that mainstream ethical theories, namely consequentialism and deontology, are incompatible with maintaining personal relations of love, friendship, and fellow feeling because they both overemphasise the role of duty, obligation, and rightness, and ignore the role of motivation in morality. Stocker states that the great goods of life, i.e. love, friendship, etc., essentially contain certain motives and preclude others, such as those demanded by mainstream ethics.11 In his paper "Alienation, Consequentialism, and the Demands of Morality," Peter Railton argues that a particular version of consequentialism, namely sophisticated consequentialism, is not incompatible with love, affection and acting for the sake of others. In the essays "War and Massacre" and "Autonomy and Deontology," Thomas Nagel holds that a theory of absolutism, i.e. deontology, may be compatible with maintaining personal commitments. The first objective of this paper is to demonstrate that despite the efforts of both Railton and Nagel, consequentialism and deontology do not in fact incorporate personal relations into morality in a satisfactory way. This essay shows that Stocker’s challenge may also hold against versions of Virtue Ethics, such as that put forth by Rosalind Hursthouse in her article "Virtue Theory and Abortion." The second objective of this discussion is to examine criticisms of Stocker made by Kurt Baier in his article "Radical Virtue Ethics." This essay demonstrates that in the end Baier’s objections are not convincing.
Deontological moral systems are characterized by a focus upon adherence to independent moral rules or duties. In order to make the correct moral choices, we need to understand what duties and morals exist for us as individuals and as a society and how we need to follow them. We will be behaving morally when we follow our duty, and behaving immorally when we fail to follow our duty, no matter what the condition of that duty may be. Ty...
Sontag introduces her essay to the audience by establishing a focal point around the fact that women viewed today are derivative from the religious perspective of how women were viewed in history. During the ancient times, Greeks and Christians practiced their own methods of analyzing and critiquing women and their beauty. The Greeks believed that the lack of ‘inner” beauty could be compensated with “outer” beauty. They distinguished the two beauties in a way that suggested that both were interconnected to one another within an individual. The preference and priority was given to the ‘outer’ beauty, while the ‘inner’ beauty would be kept at bay. Christianity, on the other hand, gave moral significance to beauty; in defining beauty, or words of physical character to be associated with woman and feminine. Gradually, Sontag introduces the distinguishable beauty between men and women. She does this by recapitulating how in a Christian religion, a woman’s body was parted into many sections to be judged and scrutinized, while men are visua...
The “The Horse Dealer’s Daughter,” by D H Lawrence haves a very ancient death-rebirth symbolism. The story takes place in the early 1920 's in and around a farm at the edge of a small English town. The horse dealer’s daughter is a young woman named Mabel. Her father has died and Mabel along with her brothers are in debt and with nowhere to go. Dr. Jack Fergusson, a physician and friend of the brothers, who likes Mabel. Both Jack and Mabel are depressed. By the end both Jack and Mabel are reborn, and in love.
By these verses of scripture, we see that beauty is truly in the eye of the beholder, and is not dictated by the changing winds of society; that beauty is most valued and sought after when it has been cherished and saved behind a wall; and that romantic love in the deepest sense of the word, is found not in endless resources such as Solomon but in appreciation of one
German philosopher Immanuel Kant popularized the philosophy of deontology, which is described as actions that are based on obligation rather than personal gain or happiness (Rich & Butts, 2014). While developing his theory, Kant deemed two qualities that are essential for an action to be deemed an ethical. First, he believed it was never acceptable to sacrifice freedom of others to achieve a desired goal. In other words, he believed in equal respect for all humans. Each human has a right for freedom and justice, and if an action takes away the freedom of another, it is no longer ethical or morally correct. Secondly, he held that good will is most important, and that what is good is not determined by the outcome of the situation but by the action made (Johnson, 2008). In short, he simply meant that the consequences of a situation do not matter, only the intention of an action. Kant also declared that for an act to be considered morally correct, the act must be driven by duty alone. By extension, there could be no other motivation such as lo...
Deontological moral theory is a Non-Consequentialist moral theory. While consequentialists believe the ends always justify the means, deontologists assert that the rightness of an action is not simply dependent on maximizing the good, if that action goes against what is considered moral. It is the inherent nature of the act alone that determines its ethical standing. For example, imagine a situation where there are four critical condition patients in a hospital who each need a different organ in order to survive. Then, a healthy man comes to the doctor’s office for a routine check-up. According to consequentialism, not deontology, the doctor should and must sacrifice that one man in order to save for others. Thus, maximizing the good. However, deontological thought contests this way of thinking by contending that it is immoral to kill the innocent despite the fact one would be maximizing the good. Deontologists create concrete distinctions between what is moral right and wrong and use their morals as a guide when making choices. Deontologists generate restrictions against maximizing the good when it interferes with moral standards. Also, since deontologists place a high value on the individual, in some instances it is permissible not to maximize the good when it is detrimental to yourself. For example, one does not need to impoverish oneself to the point of worthlessness simply to satisfy one’s moral obligations. Deontology can be looked at as a generally flexible moral theory that allows for self-interpretation but like all others theories studied thus far, there are arguments one can make against its reasoning.
Deontology is the ethical view that some actions are morally forbidden or permitted regardless of consequences. One of the most influential deontological philosophers in history is Immanuel Kant who developed the idea of the Categorical Imperative. Kant believed that the only thing of intrinsic moral worth is a good will. Kant says in his work Morality and Rationality “The good will is not good because of what it affects or accomplishes or because of it’s adequacy to achieve some proposed end; it is good only because of it’s willing, i.e., it is good of itself”. A maxim is the generalized rule that characterizes the motives for a person’s actions. For Kant, a will that is good is one that is acting by the maxim of doing the right thing because it is right thing to do. The moral worth of an action is determined by whether or not it was acted upon out of respect for the moral law, or the Categorical Imperative. Imperatives in general imply something we ought to do however there is a distinction between categorical imperatives and hypothetical imperatives. Hypothetical imperatives are obligatory so long as we desire X. If we desire X we ought to do Y. However, categorical imperatives are not subject to conditions. The Categorical Imperative is universally binding to all rational creatures because they are rational. Kant proposes three formulations the Categorical Imperative in his Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Moral, the Universal Law formulation, Humanity or End in Itself formulation, and Kingdom of Ends formulation. In this essay, the viablity of the Universal Law formulation is tested by discussing two objections to it, mainly the idea that the moral laws are too absolute and the existence of false positives and false negatives.
However without rules within society it would fall apart, and lead to absolute chaos. A teleological ethical system gives individuals that seek to move away from deontological approaches to moral deacon making found typically ins scripture; allow the individual to have a ‘controlled’ sense of freedom. Where they have the option to look out the consequences of an action, and in Bentham's act utilitarianism use elements of the hedonic calculus in order to work put the right course of action. It can be argued by giving those this sense of freedom, by not constraining a individual to certain precepts of imperatives the individual is less likely to exploit a teleological theory. Therefore the theory can be considered the best moral system and appropriate for this
Over time, the actions of mankind have been the victim of two vague labels, right and wrong. The criteria for these labels are not clearly defined, but they still seem to be the standard by which the actions of man are judged. There are some people that abide by a deontological view when it comes to judging the nature of actions; the deontological view holds that it is a person's intention that makes an action right or wrong. On the other hand there is the teleological view which holds that it is the result of an action is what makes that act right or wrong. In this essay I will be dealing with utilitarianism, a philosophical principle that holds a teleological view when it comes the nature of actions. To solely discuss utilitarianism is much too broad of topic and must be broken down, so I will discuss specifically quantitative utilitarianism as presented by Jeremy Bentham. In this essay I will present the argument of Bentham supporting his respective form of utilitarianism and I will give my critique of this argument along the way.