There are eight core biases in research grouped in two different categories, respondent bias and researcher bias. Respondent bias or survey bias is when a person being surveyed answers the questions untruthfully or give misleading answers. Researcher bias is what happens when errors emerge internationally or unintentionally, that mislead the research being performed. Both bias categories can be avoided by following standardized protocol. The standardized protocol starts with having a plan to measure the variables of interest and a design that is not weighted to give invalid results. Unexpected circumstances cannot be avoided, but they can be minimized with quality assurance and quality control. Quality assurance and quality control activities …show more content…
Acquiescence bias takes place when the person taking the survey tends to agree with every question on the survey. The bias can appear as the participant is being very agreeable or obedient to avoid displeasure or disapproval of the researcher. Social desirability bias is when the respondent answers questions that will lead them to think they are being accepted or liked. Questions can be worded in a way that allows a person to project what they feel and still be honest with their answers. Habituation bias happens quite often in questionnaires with many of the questions similar in wording. The person taking the survey becomes bored and may answer the questions in a manner to complete the survey in a hurry. The best way to lessen the bias in to keep the person engaged and vary the questioning. Sponsor bias can occur when the respondent assumes they know who is sponsoring the sponsor the research and express their feelings about a certain company, brand or belief. The moderator must have a neutral stance and be independent from the sponsor. Consequently, all four biases seem to deal with a person thoughts and
The very first step to the “Nine Step Stairway to Effective Evaluation” is to define the research population. Population can mean anybody. So, it is needs to be clear as to who we are focusing on. The specification of the focused population is defined by the evaluation researcher. This can include, age, gender, race, culture, or socio-economic status just to name a few (DiClemente et al., 2013).
In response to the question set, I will go into detail of the study, consisting of the background, main hypotheses, as well the aims, procedure and results gathered from the study; explaining the four research methods chosen to investigate, furthering into the three methods actually tested.
Thought processes can greatly influence people's social interactions, and the way that they live their lives. Cognitions develop how people perceive themselves and others on a daily basis. It is important to investigate how people attribute actions and behaviors exhibited, not only by themselves, but also those around them. These attributions shape the way an observer feels and reacts to others, and how people feel about themselves due to their own actions. The correspondence bias (fundamental attribution error) and the self-serving bias are two errors made in attribution by virtually every human being (Baron & Byrne, 2000). Both of these biases can be shown not only in adults, but also children (Guern, 1999). Even sport spectators display these biases when watching their favorite teams (Wann & Schrader, 2000). When the self-serving bias is absent in people's cognitions, they will show the self-defeating attributions. It is important to study people that demonstrate self-defeating attributions, because these individuals also show symptoms of depression (Wall & Hayes, 2000). Clearly, attributions are an imperative aspect of social cognition. Attributional bias is discussed by Marie Beesley. It is also important to investigate the factors that affect people's judgment biases in decision making and reasoning skills, which is explored by Amanda Wheeler. Because these two processes are so vital to the way in which people perceive themselves and others, and to the way a person chooses to behave, it is important to understand the factors that can cause inaccurate judgments. Judgment biases affect the way people form conclusions and make attributions about others, as well as abou...
...the data did not involve member checking thus reducing its robustness and enable to exclude researcher’s bias. Although a constant comparative method was evident in the discussion which improved the plausibility of the final findings. Themes identified were well corroborated but not declared was anytime a point of theoretical saturation Thus, the published report was found to be particularly strong in the area of believability and dependability; less strong in the area of transferability; and is weak in the area of credibility and confirmability, although, editorial limitations can be a barrier in providing a detailed account (Craig & Smyth, 2007; Ryan, Coughlan, & Cronin, 2007).
Kelley, K et al. (2003). Good practice in the conduct and reporting of survey research. Oxford Journal. 15 (3): 261-266.
One of the most robust phenomena in psychology is ingroup/outgroup bias. Past research has shown that while people empathize with almost anyone in distress they empathize more with their in-group - family, friends, or their own ethnic group (Society Of Neuroscience, 2009). Previous studies have shown that stereotypes, that are believed to contain the summary of our cultural beliefs about a group, are often automatically activated these when group members are encountered or even thought about (Scott, 2005).
Growing up in a very accepting and forward home, I always found myself to be free of most bias. Having been the target of some racial prejudice in the past, I always told myself that I would make sure nobody else had to feel the same way. While this may be a great way to think, it really only covers the fact that you will not have any explicit bias. What I have realized during the course of this class is that implicit bias often has a much stronger effect on us than we might think, and even the most conscious people can be affected.
Evidence-based practice utilizes research design analysis from arrays of studies design, it is imperative for research scholars to understand how to read, and how to comment on the quality of research design utilized. There is three major research designs, namely quantitative, qualitative and mixed method; however; mostly utilized in evidence-based practice are quantitative and qualitative. The quantitative and qualitative research designs are exclusive in the description and generate distinct outcomes. Quantitative research design explores relationship amongst independent design variables, the data compilation approach and design firmly controlled than the qualitative data compilation (Polit & Beck, 2017). The outcome of an
Evaluating and understanding research findings is a very important skill for professionals to acquire. It is necessary to thoroughly collect data, findings, and results of the experiments to produce accurate detailed accounts of the studies.
10). Other characteristics include a focus on the objective and quantifiable, emphasis on specific concepts, the researcher is an external, large sample, measured information, and includes statistical analysis (Polit & Beck, 2017). The use of quantitative methodology fits this study’s purpose because it asks specific questions about how frequently the phenomenon occurs, what factors are related to the stated phenomenon, and what is the underlying cause (Polit & Beck, 2017). It also asks what would happen if the phenomenon was altered, and can the occurrence be prevented (Polit & Beck,
...d for consent to proceed with the study. The participants were given thorough instructions that at any during the survey you can withdrawal your participation in the research, and that this is to benefit research to society. Participation is this survey was voluntary was emphasized. Participants were told that the surveys should take no longer than fifteen minutes and the personal information will remain confidential their results may be shared, but for research purposes only. The questionnaire will have a demographic sheet and a 50 item questionnaire divided into two sections. One part has a four point Likert scale (0= Almost Never, 1=Sometimes, 2= Often, 3 =Almost Always) and the other part is a selection of A or B. It was also reiterated that the participants had the right to withdraw from the research study at any time; there will be no consequences or penalty.
...ey used to conduct the study had questions were participants could have exaggerated their answers. This could have led to a common study limitation known as participation bias. Another limitation could have been due to the sample size for this study. This sample size did not compare to the sample size of previous research. For example, this sample size did not contain many participants who identified themselves as being a member of NCAA sports team.
Bias in simple words means a person’s likelihood to favor one over another. Bias can be conscious and non-conscious. It can also be positive or negative (Ryan & Saha, 2011). I believe that I am biased about how the younger generation perceive things, their beliefs and values compared to the older generation. Thus, whenever I see there is a conflict between older and younger generation, I tend to blame it as generation gap and overlook my biasedness.
When researchers allow biases to control actions in experiments over objective protocols the scientific community suffers the loss. Regardless of opinion, experience, or knowledge, empiricism must be the driving factor in research. Otherwise, the science will become tainted even when there is no inappropriate intent behind the process. There is no place for biases in any scientific genre and must be controlled by way of critical analyses and accountability. Therefore, when research has been evaluated, the results are replicated and empirically acknowledged as reliable and
Researchers work hard to eliminate bias from outcomes through approaches that diminish subjectivity and modification from unknown sources. Randomization, use of well-matched controls, and blinding of analysts and researchers are some ways to try to a...