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Pathophysiology acute renal failure
Glomerulonephritis hydronephrosis
Pathophysiology acute renal failure
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Acute Renal Failure
1. Explain the pathophysiology of acute renal failure. Include prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal causes.
Acute renal failure is when the kidneys suddenly are unable to filter the blood of the waste products. Acute renal failure is alternatively called acute kidney failure or acute kidney injury. The causes of acute renal failure is divided into three categories based on their point of origin: prerenal, intrarenal, and post renal. The most common type of acute renal failure is prerenal, which can be described as a sudden drop in blood pressure or an interruption in blood flow to the kidneys. The common causes of prerenal AFR include hypovolemia, reduced renal perfusion, and septic shock. "Prerenal AFR is generally reversible when renal perfusion pressure is restored" (Liu, pg.98). Intrarenal, or intrinsic, acute renal failure is caused by acute tubular necrosis, renal artery obstruction, renal vein obstruction, interstitial nephritis, and glomerulonephritis. Postrenal occurs between the kidney and the urethral meatus. The major causes to postrenal AFR are tubular precipitation, urethral obstruction and bladder obstruction. Acute renal failure has four phases: onset, oliguria, diuresis and recovery. Onset begins with onset of the event and lasts for hours to days. The oliguria stage doesn't always occur in certain patients, however it lasts for 8-15 days. Oliguria deals with multiple acid-base balance diseases. The diuresis stage begins when the kidneys start to recover and can last for about 2-6 weeks. Finally the recovery stage continues until the kidneys have fully recovered. This could last up to two years.
2. What diagnostic exams would be used to diagnose acute renal failure? How do these tests ch...
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...ure and end-stage renal disease on ICU outcomes. Kidney International,62(3), 986-96. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00509.x
Healthwise Staff. "Prerenal Acute Renal Failure." WebMD. WebMD, 10 May 2011. Web. 04 Dec. 2013.
Knippa, A. (2011). Nephritic Syndrome and Acute and Chronic Renal Failure. PN adult medical surgical nursing review module (8.0 ed., pp.624-635). Sitwell, KS: Assessment Technologies Institute.
Liu Kathleen D, Chertow Glenn M (2008). Acute renal failure. In AS Fauci et al., eds., Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17th ed., vol. 2, pp. 1752-1761. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2008. 04 Dec. 2013
Salifu, Moro O. "Azotemia Workup." Azotemia Workup. Medscape, 15 June 2012. Web. 04 Dec. 2013.
Tiu, A. Renal Disease. HRSA HIV/AIDS Programs. 04 Dec. 2013 http://hab.hrsa.gov/deliverhivaidscare/clinicalguide11/cg-605_renal_disease.html
The article has been well organized and written. Mackay clearly states her rationale for writing the article and provides a valid reason to hold up her article with sources. Within the introduction section, the authors present worrying statistics of Americans affected by kidney disorders. Moreover, the author provides the disadvantages of dialysis with only Kidney transplantation being the only option. The author relates the topic to the readers...
Mcgrogan, A., Franssen, C. F. and De Vries, C. S. 2011. The incidence of primary glomerulonephritis worldwide: a systematic review of the literature. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 26 (2), pp. 414-430.
Renal and hepatic function tests include creatinine test, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) test, bilirubin test, and others. Urinalysis includes urine osmolality tests and urine culture tests. The sooner one’s sepsis is diagnosed and managed, the better the chances are one has to survive. There are three identifiable stages of sepsis. The three stages are, in order, sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock. The stage of sepsis is achieved when an infection enters the bloodstream and enacts inflammatory responses throughout the body. This stage is not as life threatening as the next two stages but should be assessed and treated for as soon as possible. The stage of severe sepsis is achieved when an infection disrupts the flow of blood to the brain or renal organs resulting towards organ failure. There can be an occurrence of gangrene in the arms, legs, fingers, and toes exhibiting tissue death caused by blood clots. If treatment is not given quickly in this stage then septic shock is bound to occur. The stage of septic shock is achieved when the overall blood pressure drops drastically leading to respiratory, cardiac, or organ failure and likely death This stage demands
Web. The Web. The Web. 1 Apr 2011. http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/150999.php>.
“The Nephrology Nursing Journal” was initially published in 1974, and is a refereed clinical and scientific resource that provides current information on a wide variety of subjects to facilitate the practice of professional nephrology nursing (ANNA, 2015). Its purpose is to disseminate information on the latest advances in research, practice, and education to nephrology nurses to positively influence the quality of care they provide (ANNA, 2015). It is designed to meet the educational and information needs of nephrology nurses in a variety of roles at all levels of practice, while also serving as a source of knowledge for non-nephrology nurses. (ANNA, 2015). Its content expands the knowledge base for nephrology nurses, stimulates professional growth, guides research-based practice, presents new technological developments, and provides a forum for review of critical issues promoting the advancement of nephrology nursing practice (ANNA, 2015).
(3)Bellomo,R.,Cass,A.,Cole,L.,Finer,S.,Gallagher,M.,Lo,S.,McAthur,C.,McGuinness,S.,Myburgham J.,Norton,R.,Scheinkestel,C.,& Su,S. for renal study investigators(2009).Intensity of continuous renal-replacement therapy in critically ill patients. The New England Journal of Medicine, 361(17), 1627-1638.
United States Renal Data System (USRDS). (2008). Annual data report: Incidence and prevalence. Retrieved July 8, 2009, from http://www.usrds.org/2008/pdf/V2-02-2008.pdf
This article is for people whose kidneys fail to work. This condition is called end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
U.S. National Library of Medicine, 26 Sept. 2011. Web. The Web. The Web. 19 Nov. 2013.
... Medicine. 3rd ed. Vol.3. Detroit: Gale, 2006.2139-2141. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 3 Apr. 2014.
Kidney Function Introduction and definition of terms: The kidneys are the main organs in the urinary system. They filter waste products out of blood from the renal artery. These are then excreted. Useful solutes are reabsorbed into the blood. They also have a major homeostatic role in the body, and help to control the water content (osmoregulation) and pH of the blood.
JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association. 14 Nov. 2001: 2322. Academic Search Complete. Web.
From the results of the numerous tests carried out according to the patient history of frothy urine with a significant oedema over a maximum period of 5 days, the patient was diagnosed with Nephrotic Syndrome. This is condition that occurs due to leakage in the kidney filtration part leading to a large amount of protein leaking from the blood into the urine. This is mainly due to fluid retention known as oedema which is as a result of low protein level in the blood. It occurs due to abnormal functioning or a part of the kidney is affected (glomeruli). This syndrome can be caused by numerous diseases coming together to cause or form one particular disease; these causes range from minimal change disease, membranous nephropathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and other conditions, disorders of the glomeruli. The membranous nephropathy also known as the membranous nephritis or membranous glomerulonephritis, only causes diseases in adults and very uncommon in children. Leakage occurs from this due to the thickening of the membranous in the glomeruli which is the filter of the glomeruli. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is a causative due to the formation of small scars (sclerosis) on some of the kidney glomeruli. Another form of cause of nephrotic is minimal change which is due to lack of virtual change detected in the glomeruli when examined under the microscope. This causes the syndrome in 9 out of a total of 10 children under the age of 5 years.
Chronic Kidney Disease. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 2014. Web. 20 May 2014.
Ed. David Zieve. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 26 Feb. 2014. Web. The Web.