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Ethical principles in medical research
Ethical principles in medical research
Ethical principles in medical research
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Darawsheh and Stanley (2014) stated that in order to enhance the quality of services and promote evidence-based practice, good-quality research is a necessity. Good-quality research was reported to meet criteria of rigour to increase confidence, congruency, credibility, and add value. Nobel and Smith (2015) added to the conversation of rigour stating that qualitative research is criticized for a lack of scientific rigour due to poor justification of methodology, lack of transparency, and researcher bias. Nobel and Smith (2015) reported that this is primarily due to the inability to use the same measurement tools to measure reliability and validity as are used with quantitative studies. Determining truth value, consistency, and applicability …show more content…
Real world settings offer some complexity as the nature of the setting is constantly shifting opening opportunities for unanticipated ethical issues and some unforeseen dilemmas. Autonomy, beneficence and non-maleficence, and justice are included in the ethics of research (Pollock, 2012.) The research participants should be allowed to participate on a voluntary basis with full informed consent with the ability to decide against participation at any time. Beneficence and non-maleficence is important in all aspects of psychology and it is no different in research; the research and researchers should cause no harm to the participants. Justice refers to the commitment of the burdens and the benefits for the research being shared equally and no population should be excluded from the ability to take part in the …show more content…
In the research presented by Finlay et al. (2015) the research was conducted within the population of people with intellectual disabilities and that in and of itself opened up for some possible ethical concerns. The inclusion of people with intellectual disabilities is vital to continued research in many areas; however, there are ethical concerns that arise when working with participants with low IQ and difficultly with everyday skills (McDonald et al. 2015.) One possible ethical concern is that the participant does not fully understand the informed consent and therefore it is important to have an ongoing discussion in regards to the informed consent, autonomy, and extra attention should be paid to beneficence and
Those who were affected by the testing in hospitals, prisons, and mental health institutions were the patients/inmates as well as their families, Henrietta Lacks, the doctors performing the research and procedures, the actual institutions in which research was being held, and the human/health sciences field as a whole. Many ethical principles can be applied to these dilemmas: Reliance on Scientific Knowledge (1.01), Boundaries of Competence (1.02), Integrity (1.04), Professional and Scientific Relationships (1.05), Exploitative Relationships (1.07, a), Responsibility (2.02), Rights and Prerogatives of Clients (2.05), Maintaining Confidentiality (2.06), Maintaining Records (2.07), Disclosures (2.08), Treatment/Intervention Efficacy (2.09), Involving Clients in Planning and Consent (4.02), Promoting an Ethical Culture (7.01), Ethical Violations by Others and Risk of Harm (7.02), Avoiding False or Deceptive Statements (8.01), Conforming with Laws and Regulations (9.01), Characteristics of Responsible Research (9.02), Informed Consent (9.03), and Using Confidential Information for Didactic or Instructive Purposes (9.04), and Debriefing (9.05). These particular dilemmas were not really handled until much later when laws were passed that regulated the way human subjects could be used for research. Patients
In Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Study, Zimbardo was interested in finding out how voluntarily people would conform to the roles of guard and prisoner in a stimulated role-playing experiment. Participants were picked to be either a prisoner or a guard and were placed in a prison environment for six days before Zimbardo had to shut the experiment down (Cherry, 2014). For the IRB ethical guideline respect of persons, each participant was given an informed consent about the study. Participants also had a preliminary interview in which participants with anxiety issues were told not to participate due to effects of the study. However, consent could not be fully informed because even Zimbardo himself did not know what was going to happen in the study (McLeod, 2008). Participants in this study also had the right to withdraw although they felt like they could not because they were being conformed to a prison environment. Confidentiality was also included in the study because participants had to complete a release form for their video footage to be used. Participants were also given an ID number during the experiment, therefore, remaining anonymous not only to other members of the study, but also anyone who watched the footage (McLeod, 2008).
Healthcare ethics is defined as a system of moral principles that guide healthcare workers in making choices regarding medical care. At its core lies our attitudes regarding our personal rights and obligations we have to others. When an unprecedented situation comes into play, we rely on medical ethics to help determine an outcome that would be the best case scenario for all involved. In order to appropriately review this case study, we must first identify the key stakeholders, the ethical principles, policy implications at the federal, state, and local levels, financial implications, and a viable resolution for the situation.
1. What is the difference between a. and a. There are a few reasons that there could be a gap between the knowledge of ethics and being an ethical person. A person may not incorporate the ethical theories that they have learned into their lives, they may choose to be unethical, they may follow a code of ethics that is morally corrupt, or they might have psychological problems. We can be educated and knowledgeable in something, but not incorporate that subject or theory into our day-to-day lives. Sometimes it is because it conflicts with our beliefs or our moral code.
In Amy Tan’s story “Two Kinds,” lack of mutual understanding of feelings creates a strain on this mother-daughter relationship, preventing Jing Mei from seeing the true value of her mother’s sacrifices until it’s too late.
This balance is quite important as the well being of participants is at risk. Over the last twentieth century, there have been numerous examples in which ethical principles have not been considered in research leading to ethical breaches that have negative implications on study participants.1 One US human experimentation study which breached ethical conduct was the US Public Health Service Syphilis Study, more commonly known as the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, which was conducted from 1932 through 1972.2 The study recruited 399 African-American male subjects diagnosed with syphilis. The recruited men came from poor, rural counties around Tuskegee, Alabama. The stated purpose of the study was to obtain information about the course of untreated syphilis. The study was initially meant to be for 6 months, however the study was modified into a “death as end-point study”.
Looking beyond the Nuremberg Code and applying it to modern medical research ethics, there are many challenges that it poses. Many have argued that the Code tries to provide for all unforeseen events, which restricts the researcher by requiring him to anticipate every situation, demanding the impossible. The most important contribution of the Code is the first principle, which says that voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential. The subject involved should have legal capacity to give consent, should have free power of choice, as well as sufficient knowledge and comprehension of the experiment. This restricts that populations upon which some experiment may be conducted, since many do not have “legal capacity”. For instance, studies of mental illness and children’s diseases have been curtailed because neither of these populations has the legal capacity to give consent. Another group of people, prisoners, are never really able to give voluntary consent since they might be enticed by financial rewards, special treatment, and the hope of early release in exchange for participating in the human experimentation projects. British biostatitcian Sir Austin Bradford Hill also questioned whether it was important to inform a research subject who was receiving a placebo since it does...
Similarly, ethical rules while doing such research must not be kept aside as they can trigger serious issues while conducting the study. After all human life and emotions are far valuable than other any elements, therefore, they should not be put at risk for any research work. As after Stanford Prison study, it was decided that ethical guidelines for any research be provided by American Psychological Association and reviewed by an institutional board (US) and ethics committee
In the course reading “Protecting Research Confidentiality “by Ted Palys and John Lowman, the article states that the importance of protecting a participant’s confidentiality in research could mean going up against legal measures that demands the disclosure of the participant’s personal info. For many researchers, having the moral courage to live up to what is promised to the participant, their confidentiality, is in most cases conflicting and produces an ethical dilemma. When research ethics and law of confidentiality conflicts, it is a practical problem that needs to be balanced in avoidance of violating both the ethics guidelines and the law. Moreover, it also an ethical dilemma between protecting the participants, and at the same time not protecting ethics through the mean of law violation. In my opinion, the lengths that a researcher needs to go to protect the confidentiality of the participant should surpass the law and should account for the full responsibility in keeping their identity safe against any legal measures. However, the only conditions that are exempted are when the participant shows tendencies to hurt themselves or other individuals. Other than this exemption, it would appear that the researcher actually has a huge burden to bear in the process of doing research. However, no matter how much responsibility, moral courage and ethical decisions that a research study demands for, it is still reasonable for a researcher to assume such a responsible position to protect what he/she is researching and the participants involved. This is because in the process of assisting in the researcher’s research, depending on the study, par...
“If the focus of Psychology is to promote human welfare, harming another would not only prevent achieving this goal, it would thwart it.” (Kitchener & Kitchener, 2009, p.13). When researchers do not follow the ethical principles of research then their studies become unethical, and hold a poor standard. Ethical principles are based on basic social principles, but have really only been defined in the last 15 years of research. Many researchers such as Darley and Latané did not have these guidelines to follow, which is evident in the way in which their studies do not follow these ethical guidelines. This essay will examine Darley and Latané’s 1968 studies and discuss how they are not considered to be ethical.
The article titled “Contemporary Ethical Analyses: A Shortfall in Scientific Knowledge” describes the ethics through the public’s eye. One of the major ethical issues brought up is informed consent.
Corner, J., 1991, ‘In search of more complete answers to research questions. Quantitative versus qualitative research methods: is there a way forward?’, Journal of Advanced Nursing, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 718-727.
People with intellectual disabilities have faced discrimination, alienation and stigma for a very long time. History around the world is full of horrid episodes where the intellectual disabled have faced the worst treatments. Though some positive strides have been made in respect to their the rights, even today they face a myriad of challenges and are yet to fully access and exploit opportunities in the society. It is important to note that people with intellectual disability are also human, thus they are entitled to all human rights without any discrimination. They are the most marginalized people in the society and are excluded from social, cultural, educational and economic opportunities. (Nora, E., 2004). This paper looks into the issues of human rights for the intellectually disabled persons, the challenges that they face and how their human rights can be enhanced.
Within this paper, it will be exploring the descriptive ethical implications of using ethnographic research when studying criminal gangs. In order to proceed to do this, this paper will explain the difference between descriptive and normative ethics, as well as what ethnographic research is and why it is a method used to provide information on criminal gangs. Thus, this paper will analyze the importance of this topic and try to provide further explanation of why there are descriptive ethical implications and also the importance of studying criminal gangs using ethnographic research. To inquire more in-depth research on how descriptive ethics impact the use of ethnographic research, this paper will be an informant on what descriptive ethics
Ethics is the study of moral values and the principles we use to evaluate actions. Ethical concerns can sometimes stand as a barrier to the development of the arts and the natural sciences. They hinder the process of scientific research and the production of art, preventing us from arriving at knowledge. This raises the knowledge issues of: To what extent do moral values confine the production of knowledge in the arts, and to what extent are the ways of achieving scientific development limited due to ethical concerns? The two main ways of knowing used to produce ethical judgements are reason, the power of the mind to form judgements logically , and emotion, our instinctive feelings . I will explore their applications in various ethical controversies in science and arts as well as the implications of morals in these two areas of knowledge.