Preparation of Ethanol and Ethanoic Acid
AIM: To obtain pure samples of Ethanol (CH3CH2OH) and Ethanoic Acid
(CH3COOH) from fermented Yeast (Saccharomyces Cerevisiae).
BACKGROUND INFORMATION:
The use of yeast in food production is the oldest and most extensive
contribution made by any group of microorganisms. A most common
substrate that yeast can work with is GLUCOSE.
Glucose is a monosaccharide, which are sweet crystalline sugars that
dissolve easily in water to form sweet solutions. Monosaccharides have
the general formula (CH2O)n and consist of a single sugar molecule.
Glucose is the simplest and most common monosaccharide. It is a Hexose
sugar and therefore has the formula C6H12O6.
Glucose can exist in two possible ring forms, known as the alpha (a)
and beta (b) forms:
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The hydroxyl group on Carbon atom 1 can project below the ring (a
glucose) or above the ring (b glucose). Molecules like this, which
have the same molecular formula but a different structural formula,
are said to be ISOMERS of each other. One type of isomerism, called
sterioisomerism, occurs when the same atoms or groups, are joined
together but differ in their arrangement in space.
The existence of two isomers of glucose is important because it is
linked to the way in which polysaccharides are formed and subsequently
their roles. A glucose molecule can switch spontaneously from the open
chain form to either of the two ring forms and back again.
As glucose is respiratory substrate, it is a very important source of
energy in living organisms. Glucose is an important building block as
it is used to build up more complex carbohydrates e.g. Starch,
Glycogen and Cellulose. It is a substrate, which gets broken down by
the enzymes in the yeast.
ENZYMES are defined as biological catalysts. A catalyst is a
substance, which speeds up a chemical reaction, but remains unchanged
itself throughout the whole reaction. Enzymes are biological because
they are protein molecules made by living cells. An enzyme combines
with its substrate to form a short-lived enzyme/substrate complex.
The purpose of the experiment was to use the method of simple distillation to separate hexane, heptane, and a mixture of the two compounds into three different samples. After separation, gas chromatography determined the proportions of the two volatile compounds in a given sample.
At a constant temperature, a pure liquid has a vapor pressure that describes the pressure of escaped gaseous molecules that exist in equilibrium at the liquid’s surface. Adding energy to a pure liquid gives more molecules the kinetic energy to break the intermolecular forces maintaining the liquid and raises the overall temperature of the liquid. Eventually, adding energy boosts the liquid’s vapor pressure until it equals the surrounding atmospheric pressure. When this occurs, the pure liquid boils at a temperature called the boiling point.
Hydrochloric acid is the clear colourless solutions of hydrogen chloride (HCl) in water, hydrochloric acid is also a highly corrosive substance and a strong mineral acid meaning they are formed from inorganic compounds, hydrochloric acid is a monoprotic acid meaning that it can only ionize one H+ ion. As a result hydrochloric acid can be used in a wide range of industrial practices such as removing rust from steel, ore processing, the production of corn syrup and making of PVC plastics. Hydrochloric acid is made using a very straight forward method which involves dissolving hydrogen chloride (HCl) in water, releasing the H+ cation and Cl- anion. In this aqueous form the H+ ion joins water to form a hydronium ion (H3O+)
...lsion had only come apart 2.5 mL. Listing them best to worst helped come up with the idea of putting together the two best ingredients in an emulsion. Whey Protein Concentrate did completely destabilize but it took all fifteen minutes to do so. Combining the two ingredients stabilized the emulsion the best because it stayed stable for all fifteen minutes.
Background information:. Enzyme Enzymes are protein molecules that act as the biological catalysts. A Catalyst is a molecule which can speed up chemical reactions but remains unchanged at the end of the reaction. Enzymes catalyze most of the metabolic reactions that take place within a living organism. They speed up the metabolic reactions by lowering the amount of energy.
Hydrochloric acid is a strong and corrosive acid that is often used as a reagent in laboratories.
When we say ethanol production we are referring to the use of ethanol as a hybrid fuel for automobiles. What hybrid fuels means is that instead of running a car solely off of ethanol or gasoline alone, ethanol is actually blended in with standard fuel grade gasoline to create the ethanol fuel hybrid. Ethanol is derived from alcohol; it is a grain alcohol that is typically broken down from corn, although it can be obtained by other means such as Brazilian sugar cane, wheat, barley and potatoes (West). The way ethanol is created, according to Larry West in an article titled How is Ethanol made, is by fermenting plant sugars from photosynthesis, treating them with enzymes followed by then inserting tiny microbes to feed on the sugar that will finally b...
Fermentation is a form of chemical transformation of organic substances that breaks down simple compounds by exploiting the enzymes with compl...
Aspirin is created when salicylic acid and acetic anhydride react together (French et al. 82). However, phosphoric acid is needed as a catalyst, and acetic acid is released as a by-product (French et al. 82). The reaction of aspirin is as shown below:
Organic compounds are commonly found every day in every part of life. Propionaldehyde is a common organic compound also known as propanal, propaldehyde, and methylacetaldehyde with propanal being the most common alternate name. It is a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Coming from the functional group of aldehyde, propionaldehyde has a C=O bond in replace with two hydrogen atoms, which would be the base propane molecule. The molecular formula is C3H6O, the structural formula CH3CH2CHO, the structure is found in figure 1 (end). Propionaldehyde can only be produced in few ways by a few companies and is used in many various products. There are many few specifically know health effects of propionaldehyde, but it is a very dangerous compound due to its chemical properties.
Introduction: The purpose of this experiment was to isolate eugenol or clove oil from cloves using steam distillation and determine whether it is an efficient way to carry out this experiment. Also, TLC and 1H NMR were preformed to analyze the purity of the isolated eugenol.
Also known as alcoholic fermentation, this process is occurs in an anaerobic environment. In alcoholic fermentation, glucose molecules are degraded into two molecules of ethanol and two molecules of carbon dioxide. In production of alcohol, first, glycolysis process will breakdown glucose molecule into to pyruvic acid. Then, carboxyl group of the pyruvic acid will be removed and causing carbon dioxide to be excreted. The NADH then left its hydrogen onto the second carbon molecule creating ethanol. The overall chemical reaction are as follows :
Falak Mdahi Chem 203.2 The Synthesis of Acetanilide from Acetic Anhydride and Aniline Introduction Recrystallization is a technique used to purify solids that contain small amounts of impurities. It is used to isolate pure solids from a supersaturated solution, leaving the impurities in the solvent (1). The solid containing the impurities is placed in a hot solvent and upon cooling the compound precipitates to its purified form while the impurities are left behind in the solvent (1). There are six steps when it comes to undergoing a recrystallization of a solid.
Preparation of Ethanol and Ethanoic Acid Introduction to report ---------------------- This report contains 5 practical experiments to produce ethanoic acid from ethanol. The first practical is the preparation of ethanol from glucose using yeast during the process of fermentation; this has been demonstrated in class. In this practical the glucose is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide by respiratory enzymes from the yeast. The ethanol solution will be between 5-15% and the ethanol will be separated from the yeast by filtering.
The process of alcoholic fermentation begins with the use of enzymes. The enzymes begin to break down the long chains in starch molecules, a polysaccharide that consists of a large quantity of glucose molecules (C6H12O6) joined by glycosidic bonds as seen in figure 1, into single glucose molecules, a monosaccharide with six carbons and five hydroxyl groups. After the starch has become sugar, the enzymes are used once again, this time to convert the sugars into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide, CO2, as seen in figure 2 (World of Scientific Discovery, 2007). The carbon dioxide produced is released into the atmosphere, leaving water and ethanol, the alcohol, behind. Ethanol is a colorless flammable liquid with a molecular formula of C2H6O, giving it a molar mass of 46.07 grams per mole. Ethanol is also characterized by a melting point of -114°C or 159 K.