Organic compounds are commonly found every day in every part of life. Propionaldehyde is a common organic compound also known as propanal, propaldehyde, and methylacetaldehyde with propanal being the most common alternate name. It is a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Coming from the functional group of aldehyde, propionaldehyde has a C=O bond in replace with two hydrogen atoms, which would be the base propane molecule. The molecular formula is C3H6O, the structural formula CH3CH2CHO, the structure is found in figure 1 (end). Propionaldehyde can only be produced in few ways by a few companies and is used in many various products. There are many few specifically know health effects of propionaldehyde, but it is a very dangerous compound due to its chemical properties.
In order to produce propionaldehyde, there are very few ways in which to do so. One process that produces it is to mix propyl alcohol with a dichromate mixture which can oxidize. Oxidation is the process when a metal reacts with oxygen and a residue is left on the metal. A popular way of doing this to produce propionaldehyde is to send propyl alcohol in the vaporous state around copper metal. A second way of producing propanal is through the distillation of barium propionate and calcium formate. In order to do this the distillation must be done without any liquid substance. In the United States of America there are only three companies that manufacture propionaldehyde. These are Dow Chemical Co., Eastman Chemical Co., and OXEA Corp.. All three of the companies use manufacturing plants in the state of Texas to produce propionaldehyde. Propionaldehyde can only be transported using the name propionaldehyde, not any of the alternate names. Only authorized peo...
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...ct sheet]. (2000, January). Retrieved January 5, 2014, from http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/hlthef/propiona.html
Propionaldehyde [Fact sheet]. (2007, January 30). Retrieved January 5, 2014, from United States Department of Labor website: https://www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/data/CH_264250.html
PROPIONALDEHYDE [Fact sheet]. (2009, August 17). Retrieved January 5, 2014, from http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/a?dbs+hsdb:@term+@DOCNO+1193
Resasco, D. E., & Mallinson, R. G. (2010). Condensation reactions of propanal over CexZr1−xO2 mixed oxide catalysts. Applied Catalysis A: General, (385), 80-91. Retrieved from http://www.ou.edu/cbr/Papers/2010%20(Gangadharan)Condensation%20reactions%20of%20propanal.pdf
State Winter Oxygenated Fuel Program. (2013, March 29). Retrieved January 5, 2014, from http://www.epa.gov/otaq/fuels/gasolinefuels/winterprograms/index.htm
Identifying an Organic Unknown Aim: In this investigation I will get a number of unknown organic compounds. Which i have to identify by using a number of different chemical and physical techniques. The only thing is known about the compound is that it contains one of the functional group: alcohol, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, phenol and ester. Therefore I devised a sequence of tests that would identify which one of the groups the sample contains. The flow chart below shows the chemical techniques, which I will use to identify the functional group of the unknown.
This experiment was carried out in two parts. First, four small scale aldol condensation reactions (Table 1) were conducted by reacting cyclohexanone or acetophenone with benzaldehyde or p-fluorobenzaldehyde respectively. One equivlanet (0.1 Mmol) of a ketone and aldehyde were added to 1 mL of 10% sodium hydroxide in a 10mL round bottom flask. The reactions were stirred with a magnetic stir bar and allowed to react at room temperature for 1 hour. After 1 hour, thin layer chromatography (TLC) was conducted to determine if the reaction was complete and predict which ketone and aldehyde combination yielded a desired product. The TLC was conducted by diluting the reactants and products in Hexanes and using a mobile phase of 10% ethyl acetate. The most successful reaction was then selected to be scaled up.
Dihydrogen Monoxide is a colorless, tasteless, and odorless chemical compound. It is found in many explosive and poisonous compounds consisting of Sulfuric Acid, Nitroglycerine, and Ethyl Alcohol. This compound has many dangers such as death due to inhaling, even in small quantities, severes tissue damage and burns from exposure to solid and gaseous DHMO, and even car accidents due to brake failure. When an automobile is exposed to DHMO it can affect the condition of the brakes.
US Enviromental Protection Agency. (2010, December 13). Retrieved January 20, 2011, from US EPA Human Health: http://cfpub.epa.gov/eroe/index.cfm?fuseaction=list.listByChapter&ch=49
The chemicals used in the embalming process will cause many health and environmental problems for those who handle the solvents. Formaldehyde, glycerin, borax, phenol, alcohol, and water are the typical ingredients of embalming fluid (Mitford, 2005). Many of these chemicals are corrosive and are carcinogens that absorb into the skin of the...
Original Brazilian Keratin treatments used Formaldehyde, which works as a fixative by making proteins adhere to the hair. It is a preservative used by embalmers and has been found to be linked to cancer. Formaldehyde has since been banned by the FDA and The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission have run its own investigations, finding many products too high in Formaldehyde deemed safe for personal care. Many Keratin treatments are now Formaldehyde free, using alternatives to produce a similar smoothing effect without the harshness of
Propylhexedrine is a TAAE1 agonist and targets two known proteins synaptic vesicular amine transporter and trace amine-associated receptor 1. Synaptic vesicular amine transporter is a protein that is involved in the ATP-dependent vesicular transport of biogenic amine neurotransmitters. Trace amine-associated receptor 1 is a receptor for trace amines. The drugs main method is as an alpha beta-adrenoceptor agonist, which causes
Camphor’s chemical formula is C10H16O and contains 28 sigma bonds, and one pi bond, and all of these bonds are covalent due to carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen all being non-metals. Camphor is a stable chemical that at room temperature has the appearance of solid, white or transparent crystals and is a volatile compound. The boiling point of camphor is 204 °Celsius and the melting point can range from 176 to 180 °Celsius. Camphor is only slightly soluble in water but totally soluble in various other liquids such as vegetable and essential oils, ethanol, and turpentine. In the NFPA hazard diamond, camphor warrants a two on both the flammability and health scales due to the fact that camphor may become harmful if ingested or absorbed by the body and camphor must be heated to relatively high temperatures in order to combust. Camphor elicits a violent reaction when added to chromic anhydride, but is discordant with potassium permanganate, strong oxidizing and reducing agents, and chlorinated solvents. The intermolecular forces going on between camphor molecules are dipole-dipole because the oxygen is more electronegative than any of the other atoms thus making it polar. The intermolecular forces occurring betw...
Alkylated phenols and their derivatives are important materials in both organic synthesis and chemical manufacturing. Mono-alkylphenols and di-alkylphenols are used as raw materials for the manufacture of a wide variety of products such as resins, wire enamels, varnishes, printing inks, antioxidants, flame retardants, ultraviolet absorbers, fungicide, petroleum additives and rubber chemicals [1-17]. Friedel–Crafts alkylation of phenol with tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) produces 2-tert-butylphenol (2-TBP), 4-tert-butylphenol (4-TBP), 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (2,4-DTBP), 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol (2,6-DTBP) and tert-butylphenol ether (TBPE), depending on both the catalyst and the reaction conditions. Based on previous researches, it is well known that moderate acid catalysts or high reaction temperature led to carbon alkylated products and TBPE is produced in the presence of weak acidic catalysts as a major product. 2-TBP is the jarless product of alkylation of phenol with TBA owing to the presence of phenolic (–OH) group on the aromatic ring that kinetically favours o-alkylation. However, due to steric hindrance, thermodynamically unfavoured o-isomer (2-TBP) is readily isomerized into less hindered p-isomer (4-TBP), especially in moderate acidic media. If strong acid catalysts are used in the alkylation reaction, 2,4-DTBP is a dominant product [17,18]. 2,4-DTBP is used in the manufacture of its triphosphite and benzotriazole, which are employed as a co-stabilizer for PVC or UV absorbers in polyolefins [12,13]. 2-TBP is an intermediate for pesticides, fragrances and antioxidants [14]. High selectivity toward 4-TBP is favored since this product imparts enhanced properties to the class of metallic detergents (phenates) used in lubricating oil...
Hilgenkamp, K. (2006). Environmental Toxins and Toxicology. In Environmental health: Ecological perspectives (pp. 89-90). Princeton, N.J: Recording for the Blind & Dyslexic.
While detectable amount of 1,1-dichloroethane is reported in both public and private water supplies in the U.S., however, its relatively low concentration in the water appears to raise less concerns compared to the exposure route through air (inhalation). This may be especially the case for urban, industrial waste hazard areas, where higher concentration level of 1,1-dichloroethane were reported (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 1989).One may want to avoid being in contact with highly concentrated 1,1-dichloroethane either through direct exposure to body parts, such as skin, mouth and eyes, or through inhalation, in order to prevent damage to the Central Nervous System and/or other important body organs such as lung, liver and kidneys. Much does not seem to have been investigated, however, as to the exact extent of the toxicity of 1,1-dichloroethane, compared to a more toxic form of the HOC, such as 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Most of the scientific evidence comes from animal research, and reported at best to be “inconclusive”, or weak in terms of carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity as well as acute exposure effects. More vigorous research may be needed to determine its reversibility as well as extent of “likely” toxicity to human health. One interesting type of research relevant to 1,1-dichloroethane is
Clean Air and Water, Green Products. (April 20, 2009). In BIO. Retrieved December 29, 2013, from http://www.bio.org/node/517.
Maruzen Petrochemical Co., located in Tokyo, Japan, is the world leader in methyl ethyl ketone production. The Maruzen Petrochemical Co. patented process for producing methyl ethyl ketone is rather quite simple w...
This takes place by addition of the alcohol oxygen to chromium, forming a zwitterion. Water removes a proton which is transferred to the chromate ester. After hydrolysis, the carbonyl compound is formed (fig.5). By limiting the amount of water and oxidant present in the reaction , the second oxidation can be stopped and an aldehyde forms (see fig 1 where R1 = H).3 Tertiary alcohols are resistant to oxidation because you need at least one alpha hydrogen attached to the carbinol
Hydrazine. It’s a word that strikes fear in all that are familiar with it. New generation aircraft such as the F-16 use hydrazine for emergency power supplies. It looks like a clear oily substance that smells like ammonia. Some of the effects hydrazine can have on the human body include: liver damage, blindness, skin burns, and prolong exposure may be fatal. Only base bioenvironmental engineers are qualified enough to properly handle it.