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What is education
Critical theory in education and its implications to education
The importance of critical theory in teaching
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A paradigm may be thought of as pattern or model of how something is structured and how its parts function. Paradigm can be defined in different ways Harmon in Huit (2011) define it as the as "…the basic way of perceiving, thinking, valuing, and doing associated with a particular vision of reality..." while Baker defined a paradigm as "a set of rules and regulations that does two things firstly it establishes or defines boundaries and secondly it tells you how to behave inside those boundaries in order to be successful. All in all every individual have paradigm that cover many aspect of life even on Education. Education has its own paradigms which is what this paper will be focussing on. There are four that this paper it is entitled on which are Pragmatism, constructivism, Critical Theory and Behaviourism.
Pragmatism it is a paradigm in which knowledge is developed from practice or in a practical way in other words “what is true is what works”. All that can be known is dependent upon experience, and the experiencing of phenomena determines knowledge. Pragmatism it consist of nine principle which are changing nature of truth, truth is constructed from experience, problems as the motives of truth, emphasis on, social and democratic values, emphasis on the principle of utility, opposing to fixed ideals and values, importance of man power, importance of activity, faith in present and future, opposition to social customs and traditions, faith in pluralism and faith in flexibility.
In pragmatism the teacher develop a problematic experience to learners then leaners come up with solution and during that time they learn. The he introduce problem and then the learner is asked to find solution to that problem, so during the course of the so...
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...hat activity it will be weaken.
In reference to the school I went during practical teaching I observed my Life Science mentor apply this paradigm by creating a game like classwork in grade 12 class. The topic was about the process of protein synthesis. He took the manual that have paragraphs on it followed by about that paragraph and a blank space for learners to write the answers. If the learner answered the question correctly that learner was praised or rewarded by sticker and the one who got that question was punished by going back and read the paragraph until he got that question right. This was followed by another piece of paragraph and another question, this method continue until the end of the manual. In this method leaners were actively involved and they were also immediate reinforcement of correct answers to encourage the positive behaviour.
In second grade I was apart of a wild classroom. Their was a lot of chaos from all the young children. My teacher struggled to get everyone on task and to complete our work. After some time my teacher decided to make up a reward system (positive reinforcement). The children in the classroom were able to earn tickets for doing their homework, being respectful, and many other things. We were able to save these tickets and cash them in on fridays for treats, toys, or even sometimes extra recess. The teacher had a separate system for when we misbehaved. There were 3 colors you could earn everyday. If you weren’t on task, out of your seat, or just being disruptive she would change your color from green to yellow. If it happened again you got a red card and lost your tickets you earned for that day. This is a perfect example of positive punishment. It gave each child an opportunity to earn tickets for good behavior, and a warning system with the cards that possibly would lead to losing your earned tickets. Our teacher was using operant conditioning to produce a change in our
In James’ first essay, he tries to explain what pragmatism is with a story about a camping trip he took with a few of his friends. The friends began to argue about whether a man and a squirrel pass each other while going around a tree but do not see one another. Pragmatism seems to be a little confusing at first. I had to reread the argument about the squirrel and the human a couple of times to understand what the argument was about. I personally agreed with the group who said the man did not go around the squirrel simply because physically, he did not pass the animal while going around the tree. When James explained what the pragmatic method was, I interpreted it as basically trying to find correctness in both arguments depending on how you’re looking at it.
I did not find myself strongly sided with any of the four paradigms. I felt that findings from any of the paradigms could provide beneficial information in different areas of education research. Constructivist researchers focus on understanding the people and the world they are studying; transformative researchers focus their work on people facing social oppression; while pragmatic researchers use both quantitative and qualitative methods to research the questions they want answered.
The Constitution of the United States was ratified in 1787 and it established the powers of the federal government. Its intended purpose was to protect individual rights and liberties. It constructed the three branches of government that we know today: Executive, legislative and judicial. These branches created a separation of powers, in addition to check and balances. Originally, the judicial branch did not have much power when the constitution was written. It was not until the case of Marbury v Madison in 1803 that it actually established the judicial review. The judicial review is what gave the federal courts a great deal of power to void acts of Congress that they deemed violates the Constitution. After this case, the Supreme Court Justices
What exactly is “truth”? And how do we arrive at the truth? Over these past weeks I have successfully be able to study two different but very closely linked methods of arriving at what we human beings know as truth. Introduced to the method of pragmatism by William James, I have concluded that pragmatism uses an approach in which reason is used to find what is true but what also has to be considered is that the truth is subject to change. Which distinguishes it from Rene Descartes' method of pursuing what is true. Essentially they follow the same procedures. Although at the final moments of my research, I began to find myself pro-pragmatism. I disbelieve Descartes claim that the mind believes everything that is perceived through the human eye which leaves no room for an imagination. Both James and Descartes differ in some areas while maintaing similarities in others. Whether its concerning the way their visions are presented, their interpretations of the truth, or how applicable the idea of it is to our lives.
John Dewey was a leading proponent of the American school of thought known as pragmatism. Pragmatism is a philosophical movement that includes those who claim that an ideology or proposition is true if it works satisfactorily. John Dewey was the third major figure in the classical pragmatist pantheon, whose wide-ranging writings had considerable impact on American intellectual life for a half-century (McDermid, D. 2017).
Pragmatic reasoning takes into account the environment, such as the amount of space and the materials available to perform therapeutic activities, time constraints, organizational structure,
What is Pragmatism? What usefulness does this concept bring to the table of philosophy and how can we incorporate its practice into the daily lives of people? Moreover, where did Pragmatism come from and who advocated for its use? What impact did this thought have on history and what consequences will come in the future? Throughout the course of this paper, many facts will be brought to light from the shadow of uneducated ideas and beliefs. First will come history, because without history, no one would have any origins and may not understand the meaning of existence. The rest that follows will be an explanation of the philosophy of Pragmatism and the man behind it and how it still influences us today.
In philosophy there are many words that mean different meaning. Some of the words that we studied in philosophy really changed the way I thought about those words. The words that really made a difference I the way I thought are pragmatism, realism, liberalism, conservatism and ideology. These words really made me think in a whole different way.
Firstly, a pragmatic progressive educator believes that schooling should promote the future ability for students to learn, as well as the belief that children should learn how to problem solve in a way that connects to their personal
Upon being faced with the task of writing my philosophy of teaching, I made many attempts to narrow the basis for my philosophy down to one or two simple ideas. However, I quickly came to the realization that my personal teaching philosophy stems from many other ideas, philosophies, and personal experiences. I then concentrated my efforts on finding the strongest points of my personal beliefs about teaching and what I have learned this semester, and came up with the following.
Among many teaching styles and learning theories, there is one that is becoming more popular, the constructivist theory. The constructivist theory focuses on the way a person learns, a constructivist believes that the person will learn better when he/she is actively engaged. The person acts or views objects and events in their environment, in the process, this person then understands and learns from the object or events(P. Johnson, 2004). When we encounter a certain experience in our life, we think back to other things that have occurred in our life and use that to tackle this experience. In a lot of cases, we are creators of our own knowledge. In a classroom, the constructivist theory encourages more hands-on assignments or real-world situations, such as, experiments in science and math real-world problem solving. A constructivist teacher constantly checks up on the student, asking them to reflect what they are learning from this activity. The teacher should be keeping track on how they approached similar situations and help them build on that. The students can actually learning how to learn in a well-planned classroom. Many people look at this learning style as a spiral, the student is constantly learning from each new experience and their ideas become more complex and develop stronger abilities to integrate this information(P. Johnson, 2004). An example of a constructivist classroom would be, the student is in science class and everyone is asking questions, although the teacher knows the answer, instead of just giving it to them, she attempts to get the students to think through their knowledge and try to come up with a logical answer. A problem with this method of learning is that people believe that it is excusing the role of...
The teaching methods used in a progressivism classroom supports the idea of problem-based learning wherein the students are required to develop original solutions to existing or potential societal problems. Together with the teacher and classmates, students are given the opportunity to speculate and question the world around them and the world awaiting them. Within small peer groups, for instance, students are encouraged to discuss, share and compromise. The teacher is there to encourage this process rather than to provide prescribed solutions. Similarly, the learning environment is collaborative and democratic, giving opportunity for all to speak their minds and receive feedback from peers as well as the teacher. This continuous loop of feedback, potentially positive or negative, serves as the means of assessment for problem-solving based instruction.
In education, there are four ruling philosophies on how a school should function. The first of the four is existentialism. “Existentialists place their focus on the ideas of existence and essence. Individuals create their own meaning.” (Four Philosophies para.5). The opposite of the freedom of existentialism is the idealistic philosophy. “Idealists stress the importance of learning ideas and concepts. They believe in reasoning, but question the use of scientific method and sense perception.” (Four Philosophies, para 2). The third of the philosophies is pragmatism. “Pragmatists place their focus on the idea of change. This constant change results in people having to understand what it means to know. Pragmatists believe that knowing
Following secondary school some student head straight into the work force, while others attend college. Therefore, while in grade school, not only is content important, but preparation for the real world .Progressive teachers goals are to educate the student intellectually while working to make them good people in our society. Being a mentor rather than a boss and allowing student some control over how they learn is an important part of progressivism. Progressive learning is also about critical thinking, social skills, personal experience and lifelong learning. Relating your real life experiences to learning is a way of progressivism. Learning is rooted in the questions of learners that arise through experiencing the world.(Cohen & Gelbrich, 1999). As a student real life has always been a learning tool, and is something I will use as an educator. There is always something you like over something else; relating what you don’t like to what you like can make learning more interesting. As a second grader, I did not like grammar but I loved learning all the word to my favorite songs. We used a learning tool called Shirley Method, where grammar and sentenced parts were put into songs. This helped me engage more and retain the knowledge.