Introduction
This experiment is designed to study the real flow in the pipes. There are three types of fluid flows had been identified throughout this experiment. They are laminar, transitional and turbulent flows. The pressure gradients along the pipe were measured while the friction factors of pipes were calculated at different flow rates. Lastly, velocity profiles in pipe cross section were plotted at different flow rates.
The study of flow pipes is extremely important as application of pipe system have been used in variety field in real life. For example, transportation of consumed water, waste water, oil and gas are seemed to be easier after application of pipe system.
1.1 Objectives
This experiment was carried out to identify the values of Reynolds Number for typical laminar, transitional and turbulent flow in a pipe with circular cross-section. Besides, this experiment was aimed to gain understanding of friction concept applied in pipe flow and obtain the fully-developed flow friction factor for a range of different flows. Lastly, velocity profile in the cross section of pipe for both laminar and turbulent flow was measured and compared.
1.2 Report structure (modify after report completed)
In this report, theory of pipe flow was introduced. This is followed by the experimental apparatus and experimental procedure that required for carrying out the experiment. Next, experimental results that recorded were tabulated and shown. Detailed analysis was done based on experimental results. Comparison between theoretical and experimental value had been done as well. Possible sources of error had been determined accompanied with the suggestion for result accuracy improvement. Last but not least, conc...
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.... Thus, laminar flow should achieve fully developed fluid flow in a shorter development length compared to turbulent flow. On the other hand, turbulent flow requires a longer time to achieve fully developed flow because it is unstable, chaotic and moving in all directions. In short, the result was not agreed with the theory.
The different between theory and experimental result might due to the laminar flow assumption in Test 1. Fluid flow in Test 1 was actually transitional flow which consists of both characteristics of laminar and turbulent flow. However, formula for laminar flow was used to calculate development length. This might affect the accuracy of development length calculation. Therefore, result with greater development length in Test 1 was considered explainable due to the invalid assumption.
Figure 5.2 Laminar Flow
Figure 5.3 Turbulent Flow
We defiantly need to establish the safety behind this. But safety is not only for the people around the pipeline but for the impact the building of said pipe line will have on the environment around it. Also what safety nets do we have in place in case of environmental catastrophe.
Compared to the linear peristaltic pump and rotary peristaltic pump, the 360 degree peristaltic pump runs more slowly at the same performance. As a result, the hoses will have longer lifetime which is economic. Furthermore, the 360 degree peristaltic pump produces less friction due to the unique structure, and therefore less thermal. Especially, the 360 degree peristaltic pump has only a single compression per rotation while the ordinary pumps with numerous shoes or rollers have at least two or more compression per revolution. This means that the design of the 360 degree pump will prolong the lifetime of the tube. At the same size, this design will generate more flow volume (55%) at the same
Also we might have been shaking the test tubes at different speed which may have caused a greater number of bubbles to be released. Overall I felt that the experiment was accurate and reliable and there was not much that could have been changed on it.
The things that most of the Pipeworks workers did after they finished their jobs were play cards in small group, have salamander races, or just talk and sleep.
Introduction to Aerodynamics Aerodynamics is the study of the motion of fluids in the gas state and bodies in motion relative to the fluid/air. In other words, the study of aerodynamics is the study of fluid dynamics specifically relating to air or the gas state of matter. When an object travels through fluid/air there are two types of flow characteristics that happen, laminar and turbulent. Laminar flow is a smooth, steady flow over a smooth surface and it has little disturbance. Intuition would lead to the belief that this type of air flow would be desirable.
Question: Discuss the importance of Relief Valves in the unit operations in detail, and give the design criteria/ parameters/ models available equations in the literature. Support your work by giving a typical example from the literature.
When the Reynolds number is less than 10 .... it is considered laminar, when it is greater than 100 it is considered turbulent. The areas in between are defined as transitional and can go either way.
ADCOP – Abu Dhabi Crude Oil Pipeline Project." IPIC. N.p., 2014. Web. 13 May 2014.
Pipeline Transportation is a massive mode of transportation for over one hundred countries around the world. As of 2014, there is approximately 2,175,000 miles of pipeline, enough to wrap around the Earth 87 times. Of those millions of miles, 64% of the world’s pipeline is in the United States alone. Pipelines are mostly used for the transportation of both crude and refined petroleum, fuels such as oil, natural gas, and biofuels, and other fluids like water and sewage. Even alcohol is sometimes transported using pipelines. Pipelines are used all around us. Miles of them are running continuously below our feet on a daily basis. The creation of pipeline transportation has been an incredibly help to society both directly and indirectly.
This chart shows the relationship between the fanning friction factor and the Reynolds number over a wide range of flow rates, from which the roughness parameter (e/D) for the piping system can be estimated.
There is also the potential of human error within this experiment for example finding the meniscus is important to get an accurate amount using the graduated pipettes and burettes. There is a possibility that at one point in the experiment a chemical was measured inaccurately affecting the results. To resolve this, the experiment should have been repeated three times.
The effect of Temperature of liquid on flow rate. - the effect of Temperature on liquid flow (turbulent/laminar) 3) The effect of the Vertical height between source and destination of the fluid on flow rate. - the effect of Vertical height on liquid flow (turbulent/laminar) 4) The effect of the Liquid's Viscosity/Density on flow rate.
As Americans we want and need things in order to survive or to live life to the fullest. Our society ensures that our needs and wants are met. How do we make sure that we produce what we need and that those goods are distributed fairly? We do this by understanding the Circular Flow Model chart. According to Business Dictinary.com, the Circular Flow Model “is a simple economic model illustrating the flow of goods and services though the economy. In the model, producers are termed as "firms" while consumers are referred to as "households." Firms supply goods and services while households consume these goods and services. Factors of production (land, labor, capital) are supplied by the household to firms and the firms convert
The two laws of physics that apply to hydraulics are Bernoulli's law and Pascal’s Law . Bernoulli's law states that for an inviscid flow, an increase in the speed of the fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy. Pascal's law or the principle of transmission of fluid-pressure is a principle in fluid mechanics that states that pressure exerted anywhere in a confined incompressible fluid is transmitted equally in all directions throughout the fluid such that the pressure variations remain the same.
Projectile motion is used in our daily lives, from war, to the path of the water in the water fountain, to sports. When using a water fountain or hose, projectile motion can be used to describe the path and motion of the water. This technology was created by finding the angle at which the water would come out at a maximum height and the person using it would be able to drink it without leaning over too much. These types of projectile motion will be further explored and analyzed in this assessment.