Pipe Flow In A Pipe

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Introduction
This experiment is designed to study the real flow in the pipes. There are three types of fluid flows had been identified throughout this experiment. They are laminar, transitional and turbulent flows. The pressure gradients along the pipe were measured while the friction factors of pipes were calculated at different flow rates. Lastly, velocity profiles in pipe cross section were plotted at different flow rates.
The study of flow pipes is extremely important as application of pipe system have been used in variety field in real life. For example, transportation of consumed water, waste water, oil and gas are seemed to be easier after application of pipe system.
1.1 Objectives
This experiment was carried out to identify the values of Reynolds Number for typical laminar, transitional and turbulent flow in a pipe with circular cross-section. Besides, this experiment was aimed to gain understanding of friction concept applied in pipe flow and obtain the fully-developed flow friction factor for a range of different flows. Lastly, velocity profile in the cross section of pipe for both laminar and turbulent flow was measured and compared.
1.2 Report structure (modify after report completed)
In this report, theory of pipe flow was introduced. This is followed by the experimental apparatus and experimental procedure that required for carrying out the experiment. Next, experimental results that recorded were tabulated and shown. Detailed analysis was done based on experimental results. Comparison between theoretical and experimental value had been done as well. Possible sources of error had been determined accompanied with the suggestion for result accuracy improvement. Last but not least, conc...

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.... Thus, laminar flow should achieve fully developed fluid flow in a shorter development length compared to turbulent flow. On the other hand, turbulent flow requires a longer time to achieve fully developed flow because it is unstable, chaotic and moving in all directions. In short, the result was not agreed with the theory.
The different between theory and experimental result might due to the laminar flow assumption in Test 1. Fluid flow in Test 1 was actually transitional flow which consists of both characteristics of laminar and turbulent flow. However, formula for laminar flow was used to calculate development length. This might affect the accuracy of development length calculation. Therefore, result with greater development length in Test 1 was considered explainable due to the invalid assumption.

Figure 5.2 Laminar Flow

Figure 5.3 Turbulent Flow

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