What is a Ph Scale? A pH scale is the measure of acidity or alkalinity of a substance that is water soluble. On a pH scale the substance is rated with a pH value, which is a number from one to fourteen, with seven as the neutral point. If the value of such substance is below seven then this concludes the substance has acidity which increases as the pH value decreases. One on a pH scale is the most acidic. If the pH value is above seven this indicates that the substance contains alkalinity which will increase the higher a pH value is, fourteen being the most alkalinic on the scale.
The scale in Ph scale isn’t a linear scale like measurements when two adjacent values have the same difference. The scale is a logarithmic scale which means two adjacent values increase or decrease by a factor of ten. For example, a pH of two is ten times more than a pH of three, and one hundred times more acidic than a pH of four. This system was invented
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All this is controlled by hydrogen ions in water, a small number of these molecules will split up. Some of the molecules lose their hydrogen and become hydroxide ions. The non-hydrogen ions join up with water molecules to form a hydronium ion. This can be referred to as (H30+). To make things simpler, hydronium ions are referred as hydrogen ions or (H+). In normal, pure water, there is an equal number of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions. Therefore water is neither acidic or alkaline. For a substance to be acidic it donates hydrogen ions into dissolved water. This causes the balance of hydrogen and hydroxide ions to shift. The hydrogen ions are therefore multiplied which causes the solution to be mostly hydrogen ions. When this occurs the substance is acidic. Alkaline is also called base or basic which is a substance that accepts hydrogen ions. When alkali is dissolved in water the base “soaks up” hydrogen ions, therefore the result is a solution with a lot of hydroxide
== == = == 1. The pH meter is calibrated, using a buffer solution of accurately known pH. 2.
In the pH homeostasis lab, 6 experiments were conducted. The hypotheses were: If base is added to water then the pH will increase; If acid is added to water then the pH will decrease; If base is added to homogenate, then the pH will increase; If acid is added to homogenate, then the pH will decrease; If acid or base is added to buffer, then the pH will remain the same. After the experiments were conducted, the graphs were somewhat similar to the hypotheses.
Most substances fall on a scale ranging from the most acidic to the the most basic with neutral substances falling somewhere in the middle. Scientists call this the pH scale. pH levels are measured in numbers,0 to 14. The closer a substance is to zero the more acidic it would be. The closer to 14 the more basic a substance would be.Now what defines an acid and a base, one might ask? There are three ways of defining acids, each singling out a specific property. The first theory is the Arrhenius Theory with states, that an acid is a substance that produces the ion H+ when in a water solution, while a base is a substance which produces the ion OH- when in a water solution. Examples of an Arrhenius acid are HCl and HNO3. Examples of an Arrhenius base are NaOH and AlOH3.
The Infant and Toddler Rating Scale is just one of the four scales that share the same format and use a scoring system. All the scales have different requirements because they assess different age groups and different settings. These tests are checking on the organization of space, interactions, activities, schedules and provisions of staff and parents. This scale is specifically setup for children from birth to 30 months of age; this group is most vulnerable physically, emotionally and mentally. This scale assesses the environment for the children’s health and safety, appropriate stimulation through language and activities with warm interactions.
PCP is a recreational drug with hallucinogenic and dissociative properties. The drug was first produced as a potential agent for anesthesia but was later recognized as a dangerous substance of abuse that can significantly alter mental status. It is classified as a schedule ll controlled substance. PCP is currently illegal worldwide, including the United States. An article named, “PCP”, elaborates on the effects PCP has on your mental state:
The start if college is like the end of one’s childhood. Yet I had no intension of letting that go when I woke up yesterday at 7:00 am. Still, like high school, my mom dropped me off and picked me up; copping almost the exact same routine from the four years I spent in high school. Just as I thought this ought to be the easiest way of transportation, my mom proved me wrong once we reached the University of Washington’s parking lot.
Acid rain has been proven to have damage forests, fresh waters and soils, killing insect and aquatic life-forms. It also causes damage to buildings and impacts on human health. Many people do not know what acid rain actually is. Acid rain is any form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, low pH levels, higher than normal amounts of sulfuric and nitric acid, occurs naturally and from man made sources. Forms when gases react in the atmosphere with water, oxygen, and other chemicals (what is acid rain?). The only water that will not have some amount of acidity is pure water. Pure water has a pH of 7 which is neutral; regular, unpolluted rain water has a pH of around 5.6. The acidity in rain water comes from the presence of Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen Oxide, and Sulfur Dioxide. CO2 reacts with water to form carbonic acid. Nitrogen and water react during lightning storms, forming Nitric Oxide. NO is then oxidized to form N02. The NO2 reacts with water to form nitric acid. Due to this, the pH is lowered to be slightly acidic (Acid Rain). Acid rain can occur naturally in the environment, but the problem occurs when human interaction is the cause of the acidic levels.
First, the pH of seawater water gets lower as it becomes more acidic. Second, this process binds up carbonate ions and makes them less abundant
Acid-Base balance is the state of equilibrium between proton donors and proton acceptors in the buffering system of the blood that is maintained at approximately pH 7.35 to 7.45 under normal conditions in arterial blood. It is important to regulate chemical balance or homeostasis of body fluids. Acidity or alkalinity has to be regulated. An acid is a substance that lets out hydrogen ions in solution. Strong acid like hydrochloric acid release all or nearly all their hydrogen ions and weak acids like carbonic acid release some hydrogen ions.
An alkali is a soluble base and forms hydroxyl ions (OH-) when placed in water. It can be called a proton acceptor and will accept hydrogen ions to form H2O. An example of an alkali is Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH). Neutralization Reaction:- [IMAGE]Acid + Alkali Salt + Water [IMAGE]Hydrochloric acid + Sodium Hydroxide Sodium Chloride + Water [IMAGE]HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) [IMAGE]H+ (aq) +
Alkaline water is water that’s less acidic than your regular tap water. That generally means the water it is rich in alkalizing compounds such as calcium, silica, potassium, magnesium, and bicarbonate according to Ryan Adams for Precision Nutrition.
If glucose is present in urine then when adding benedict’s solution to the urine the color will change to a greenish or red-brown color.
A titration curve is a plot of pH of the analyte solution versus volume of titrant added, as the titration progresses. 9,12 The equivalence point is the inflection point of a titration curve.9
The simplest experiment for this type of situation would be to use red and blue litmus paper to distinguish between acids, bases and salts. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) makes blue litmus paper change color going from blue to red, making it an acid. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) makes red litmus paper change color going from red to blue, making it a base. Sodium chloride solution (NaCl) is neutral, since it would only soak blue and red litmus paper, considering that it is a by product of when an acid and a base mix together, neutralizing each other.
Titration is a technological process in which a solution, known as a titrant, is slowly and carefully added from a burrette into a fixed volume of another solution (known as the sample). In an acid-base titration an acid neutralizes a base or vice versa. This process is maintained untill the reaction between the titrant and the sample (acid and the base) is judged to be complete. The reaction is judged to be complete when the endpoint is reached. An endpoint in a titration analysis is referred to as the point at which no more titrant is added due to an observable colour change of an indicator. Indicators can be used to find an endpoint because they change colour when the pH of a solution changes and an endpoint in a titration is an empirical approximation of the equivalence point, which is the point of major pH change in the titration sample due to the fact that equal chemical amounts of reactants have been combined at that point. All indicators have a pH range, which is the range of pH values at which the colour of the indicator changes. Thus