Urine Essay

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NAME(S): NICOLAS DURAN
CLASS: Bio 301, section 1700
DUE DATE & TIME: April 17, 2014 & 3:00 AM

TITLE:
Examining urine and testing for normal or abnormal constituents using chemical substances

OBJECTIVES:
The objective of this lab is to determine the present of normal and abnormal constituents in the urine, also to examine the pH, specific gravity, and chemical constituents.

HYPOTHESIS:
If the pH in the urine is examined to be at 7, then the pH will be in a normal chemical reaction.
If normal and abnormal constituents are present then white precipitate will form.
If glucose is present in urine then when adding benedict’s solution to the urine the color will change to a greenish or red-brown color.

INTRODUCTION:
The urine is a transparent and yellowish liquid produced by the kidney to get rid of waste materials from the bloodstream. The urine also can be used to determine the present of some diseases. Normal human urine color is usually light yellow to dark yellow; depend on the concentration of the urochrome which is the urinary pigment (1). The urine eliminates toxic substances such as alcohol, drugs, and the ones produce by the metabolism. It also controls the acid and base levels as well as the blood pressure through water regulation. The pH is important in urine because it indicates acidity or alkalinity. The normal pH of urine is 6.0 in which foods and diseases can affect. Normal urine contains water approximately (90%-95%), which 5% dissolved organic and inorganic wastes such as urea and sodium chloride (2). The specific gravity of normal urine can be from 1.010 to 1.025 which can vary based on the fluid intake (2). If abnormal constituents of urine are detected in normal urine, then the presence of theses const...

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...ed that the liver was able to detoxify sulfate properly. The last inorganic constituent tested was calcium, which was done by adding equal amounts of urine and Sulkowitch’s reagent. A large amount of white precipitate was form due to the dietary consumption of the subject which can be that milk was consumed daily. Finally, the last tested was the abnormal constituents of urine. When testing for glucose the results were negative because the reagent was not reduced meaning that it did not turned greenish or red-brown color. The presence of glucose indicates diabetes mellitus which is a metabolic disorder that is caused by the usage of defective carbohydrate. Then when testing for albumin and globulin the results showed that a large amount of protein was present, which means that the subject had an abnormal leakiness or severe damage of the glomerular membrane or both.

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