NAME(S): NICOLAS DURAN
CLASS: Bio 301, section 1700
DUE DATE & TIME: April 17, 2014 & 3:00 AM
TITLE:
Examining urine and testing for normal or abnormal constituents using chemical substances
OBJECTIVES:
The objective of this lab is to determine the present of normal and abnormal constituents in the urine, also to examine the pH, specific gravity, and chemical constituents.
HYPOTHESIS:
If the pH in the urine is examined to be at 7, then the pH will be in a normal chemical reaction.
If normal and abnormal constituents are present then white precipitate will form.
If glucose is present in urine then when adding benedict’s solution to the urine the color will change to a greenish or red-brown color.
INTRODUCTION:
The urine is a transparent and yellowish liquid produced by the kidney to get rid of waste materials from the bloodstream. The urine also can be used to determine the present of some diseases. Normal human urine color is usually light yellow to dark yellow; depend on the concentration of the urochrome which is the urinary pigment (1). The urine eliminates toxic substances such as alcohol, drugs, and the ones produce by the metabolism. It also controls the acid and base levels as well as the blood pressure through water regulation. The pH is important in urine because it indicates acidity or alkalinity. The normal pH of urine is 6.0 in which foods and diseases can affect. Normal urine contains water approximately (90%-95%), which 5% dissolved organic and inorganic wastes such as urea and sodium chloride (2). The specific gravity of normal urine can be from 1.010 to 1.025 which can vary based on the fluid intake (2). If abnormal constituents of urine are detected in normal urine, then the presence of theses const...
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...ed that the liver was able to detoxify sulfate properly. The last inorganic constituent tested was calcium, which was done by adding equal amounts of urine and Sulkowitch’s reagent. A large amount of white precipitate was form due to the dietary consumption of the subject which can be that milk was consumed daily. Finally, the last tested was the abnormal constituents of urine. When testing for glucose the results were negative because the reagent was not reduced meaning that it did not turned greenish or red-brown color. The presence of glucose indicates diabetes mellitus which is a metabolic disorder that is caused by the usage of defective carbohydrate. Then when testing for albumin and globulin the results showed that a large amount of protein was present, which means that the subject had an abnormal leakiness or severe damage of the glomerular membrane or both.
a) Urinalysis with significantly increased amounts of blood (via dipstick and sediment), protein, and leukocytes as well as slightly increased bilirubin and slightly decreased pH;
The sports drink group displayed the highest average specific gravity. Sports drinks have composed of a large amounts of solutes such as sugar and electrolytes which increase plasma osmolarity. In response, the posterior pituitary will release ADH which will add aquaporins to the distal tubule and collecting duct, thereby increasing water reabsorption. This will create a higher solute concentration in urine as well as a higher ...
Conforming to Melmed, Polonsky, Larsen & Kronenberg (2011) the waste products of the blood can form crystals which can collect inside the kidneys and aggregate to form stones. Normally the stones are composed of phosphate, oxalate, uric acid, and magnesium ammonium phosphate, single or combined. The type of stone is determined by the pathogenic mechanisms. When the stones are find in the bladder, ureters, renal tubules and collecting system they tend to be symptomatic. When the urine is oversaturated with the stones constituents the stones are formed. During the passage through the renal tubules the crystals aggregate into stones. In order to allow more time for growth the crystals anchor themselves to the renal tubular epithelium in the renal papillae and Randall’s plaques. The concentration of excreted ions is influenced by the diet. The intake of fluids can reduce the stone formation and growth. A reduction in the sodium int...
Kidney stones, a very common urinary tract disorder that is now really rampant in humans especially. Some causes of kidney stones are still being argued from whether it is due to what is consumed or having a history in the family. There are some common kidney stones which are phosphate, oxalate and calcium. This kidney stones may vary in sizes, in other words if the kidney stones in one that is small then there is a less tendency to notice. Although, most people would notice when they starting filling pains that feel like cramps on the back and the side in area around the kidney or lower abdomen. Due to the blockage of urine by the insoluble salt this causing more concentrated urine.
On a cold, brisk Tuesday night, I attended the musical called Urinetown by Mark Hollmann and Greg Kotis. Urinetown was held in Rowand-Johnson Hall, at the Marian Gallaway Theatre. As I quickly walked in the entrance, I noticed that people were wearing casual attire. I gave the usher my ticket and walked to my seat. This time my seat was located up at the front so I had a great view of the stage. This particular theatre is my favorite, it is very open and you can see from every seat. This musical is known to be a musical comedy which deals with different themes, unique text, and extraordinary technical elements.
The urinary tract consists of two kidneys, to ureters, urethra, and the urinary bladder. The urinary system works to remove waste from the body, maintain homeostasis of water, blood pressure, and regulate the body’s pH levels. The kidneys regulate several important internal conditions by excreting substances out into the body. After urine has been produced in the kidneys it is then transported to the urinary bladder via the ureters. The urinary bladder then holds the urine until the body is ready for excretion through the urethra.
Four solutions were tested an out of the four only one had a color change, meaning that it had alcohol present. This solution was methanol and of course it would produce a color change because methanol is an alcohol. One solution that should have changed color was solution 4, the base-hydrolyzed aspartame, but it did not produce a color change when aqueous ceric ammonium nitrate reagent. Water and fresh aqueous aspartame are not going to produce a color change because there is no alcohol group in there structure.
In 2014, Bladder cancer caused 15,580 deaths in the United States. It can affect anyone, but most commonly affects older individuals (National Cancer Institute, 2014). Bladder cancer usually grows on the inside layer of the bladder and can spread to other parts of the body, regrow, and even cause death. Cancer begins with cells that make up the different tissues of the body. Normally, the body’s cells grow and replace themselves at a reasonable rate, on an as-needed basis. Sometimes, the cell growth/replenishment process can get a little out of control and the body doesn’t need the cells that it is producing. When this happens, a mass or tumor can form within that tissue. Tumors can be benign, or malignant. When a tumor is benign, it is not as harmful as a malignant tumor. Malignant cancers can metastasize, regrow after removal, or even cause death. There are specific symptoms, risk factors, causes and several different treatment options for bladder cancer.
Drink an adequate amount of liquids daily. If your urine appears darker than very light yellow, it means you are not having enough liquids. Therefore, you should increase your fluid intake. Drinking plenty of water helps produce enough urine, which flushes pathogenic bacteria from the urinary tract before they begin an infection.
The hydrogen ions and sodium ions exchange places during the formation of urine. For every H+ that enters the urine, one Na ion is reabsorbed from the urine into the blood and is then conserved. Then for every H+ ion that is emitted and Na ion that is saved, one bicarbonate ion is reabsorbed into the blood. When we lowered the Pco2 there was a decreased concentration of ions in the urine, but elevated HCO3 in the urine. This means that all the ions are now in the blood. This can be recognized as hyperventilation/alkalosis, because of the depletion of carbon dioxide. This results in an elevated blood pH. When we raised the Pco2, H+ elevated and the HCO3 decreased. Since there are increased ions in the urine, this means that the ions are being secreted. This can be recognized as acidosis, since there was a lower than normal blood
A urinary tract infection is a very common infection that can happen to anybody. A urinary tract infection usually occurs when bacteria enters the urethra and multiples in the urinary system. The Urinary tract includes the kidneys, the thin tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder (ureters), and the main tube that carries the urine from the bladder (urethra). Women, men, and children are all immune to this infection. Women have the highest chances of getting it. In the Urinary tract, the main links of the ureters help get rid of any bacteria that tries to enter the urine, and the bladder helps prevent urine from backing up into the kidneys.
Patient A: We have in this case a male patient of age 25 that complains of a constant need to urinate yet excretes only small amounts associated with discomfort. At the time of the urine sample test, he suffers from a mild fever. He has a relatively moderate amount of red and white blood cells in his urine and presently shows no external evidence of urethral discharge. The test results for patient A were as follow; Urine was cloudy light yellow with no poignant smell and pH tested to be 6. The urine failed the glucose, protein, bilirubin and ketone test. There’s presence of yeast and nitrite, but no blood was visible in the urine sample. From the results, it can be deducted that the patient might be suffering from a Urinary Tract Infection
The urinalysis will look for protein in the urine that has leaked through damaged kidneys and will measure the Urine Specific Gravity. Because kidney failure results in the kidneys no longer filtering the wastes from the urine, a cat who has kidney failure will have urine with a gravity that is much like distilled water. The biochemical profile will look for waste products in the blood that the kidneys should have filtered out; high numbers of these products are indicative of kidney failure.
These wastes are derived from the liquid and food that the individual had consumed. In cases of compromised kidney function, the kidneys are no longer able to remove or filter wastes in the normal way. This means that wastes are left to accumulate in the bloodstream. When this scenario takes hold, it can negatively impact the patient 's electrolytes, therefore, positive action has to be taken to optimize the situation. When patients follow a renal diet it can help to slow down the advancement of total kidney failure, and ameliorate kidney function. Along with chloride and potassium, sodium represents one of the body 's main three electrolytes. The latter manipulate the fluids with enter and leave the body’s cells and tissues. Therefore, patients with renal disease must monitor their intake of electrolytes. Keeping a daily food dairy is essential (Nephcure), and will be of great benefit to the dietitian who can pinpoint certain details.
... restore the neutrality by producing more alkaline urine, leading to an increase in their workload (Epstein, 1997). This increased workload can lead to different dysfunctions or renal collapse.