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Reliability of witnesses
Reliability of witnesses
Reliability of witnesses
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After reviewing the movie 12 Angry Men I realized the impact that persuasive presentation, and imagery. This movie started with a court trial that twelve men had to decide whether or not a child was guilty of murdering his father. At first a majority of the jurors voted guilty; however, that thought changed after group think and persuasive presentation. The jurors, who originally pleaded that the defendant was guilty, used the proof that was given in the trial. Although there was proof a plethora of the proof, it lacked source credibility.
The first time the group took a vote to decide whether or not this child was guilty of murdering his father, the vote was eleven, who voted guilty, to one, who plead not guilty. This meant that they could
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not convict the defendant guilty. The juror eight, who voted not guilty, used persuasive presentation, and imagery. According to Pearson, Nelson, Titsworth, and Harter (2013), “listeners who know or like logic respond positively to arrangements with evidence that constitutes proof” (p.333). Juror eight realized that the proof was not very strong, so he tried to disprove the proof that was presented. Juror eight also brought persuasive imagery to his defense. After listening to the other jurors stating that the weapon, which was used to kill the victim was so rare that no one else would have it, he pulled a replica of the knife out of his pocket. This disproved the statements that the jurors made about the defendant being the only person who had the murder weapon. Along with juror eight using persuasion, there was also an abundance of group think in the decision of whether or not the defendant is guilty. Pearson, Nelson, Titsworth, and Harter state “Groupthink happens when the desire for cohesion and agreements takes precedence over critical analysis and discussion” (p.166). While being in a jury it is the juror’s responsibility to decide upon a verdict, which requires discussion and critical thinking. A challenge for this case of jurors was to come to an agreement about the verdict to the trial, so the discussion and critical thinking was essential in the group think. The entire movie was about the twelve men discussing their opinion about the defendant. The jurors, who had to critically think the most, were the ones who said that the defendant was not guilty. This is because a majority of the jurors voted guilty, so the men who voted not guilty needed to critically think how to change the other’s opinion. The jurors who were persuading the other men to vote not guilty showed that the source credibility lacked. Source credibility is a major key when using proof to convict someone of murder.
In the movie Twelve Angry Men, a juror stated that he questioned the credibility of a witness’s testimony. Source credibility “is the extent to which you perceive the speaker as competent or trustworthy” (p. 97) according to Pearson, Nelson, Titsworth, and Harter (2013). Toward the middle of the movie several jurors stated that the man who claimed to hear the boy say “I’m going to kill you” could not have possibly heard the boy say that. This is because the train that was going by the window was so loud that it would have roared over the boy’s voice. The credibility was lacking because the jurors used critical thinking, and decided that testimony was false. The other woman who testified stated that she saw the boy kill his father and then run down the stairs. This statement was also challenged by the jurors because they stated that the woman wears glasses, and people typically do not wear glasses to bed. The woman would not have had time to pick up her glasses and put them on in time to see what she said that she saw. The jurors believe that she saw someone else and assumed it was the son, because her vision would not be adequate; it was dark and she cannot see without
glasses. The entire movie was a two-sided argument, and rebuttals. The men either thought the boy was innocent or guilty, and throughout the movie they had the two-sided arguments and rebutted each other. A two-sided argument consists of two groups of people who have different views on a situation. In this case there were some jurors who thought that the defendant was guilty, and some who thought he was innocent. As they had the argument it consisted of rebuttals from each side. This was to try to prove the point of each side of the argument. This movie directly related to Communications 1010. There is an abundance of different communication methods in this movie. The major communication concepts used in 12 Angry Men is source credibility, persuasion, group think, two-sided argument, rebuttals, and critical thinking. If the men had not used the communication that they did the verdict of the defendant may have changed. The most important communication concept that was used at the beginning pf the movie was the persuasive concept because the one man who said the defendant was not guilty had to persuade the other men to agree with him. As the movie continued, source credibility was the major communication concept because the men discussed that the testimonies lacked credibility, which was a major key in finding the defendant not guilty. The other concepts are very important, but they were used throughout the entire movie. Communication plays a role in everyday life and without these concepts there could have been a devastating consequence involving and innocent child.
There are many ways to make an argument, and these are not limited to only magazine articles or conversations with others. A widely used form of argument is visual images which can be used from product ads to political campaigns. The benefit of using a visual argument to persuade an audience is the powerful statements that can come from images. This can be seen in the persuasive add made by the Ray Ban company for its classic styles of its self-claimed high end sunglasses. The overall intention of this add may to be the eventual sales of more classic sunglasses, but looking deeper into this visual aid it’s possible to see the argument the company is making. To better understand this visual argument the message, creator of the message, and
The hard, logical proof used to persuade is called logos. Authors use this technique to support their propositional statements in an argument. By supporting an opinion with a sufficient amount of data, an audience is able to find the argument believable. Logos, however, goes beyond the abundance of information geared toward swaying an opinion into agreement. Presenting facts also includes decisions such as which ...
The jurors took a vote and saw the ratio at eleven for guilty and only one for not guilty. When they repeatedly attacked his point of view, his starting defense was that the boy was innocent until proven guilty, not the opposite as the others had seen it. After Henry Fonda instilled doubt in the mind of another juror, the two worked together to weaken the barriers of hatred and prejudice that prevented them from seeing the truth. The jurors changed their minds one at a time until the ratio stood again at eleven to one, this time in favor of acquittal. At this point, the jurors who believed the defendant was not guilty worked together to prove to the one opposing man that justice would only be found if they returned a verdict of not guilty. They proved this man wrong by using his personal experiences in life to draw him into a series of deadly contradictions.
Juror three wanted so badly for the young boy to be guilty that every time any of the witness’s testimonies were questioned or tested, he would not adhere to the facts. With that being said, he would only believe what everyone else beside the boy told him. When the group tested whether the old man actually heard and witnessed what he did, juror three was quick to say that he didn’t care. He didn’t care about time, logic, or reasoning. The last piece of evidence he had that justified his verdict was that the woman witnessed it. He said if all the other evidence was thrown out that last piece was all they needed. When the jury proved that she could have worn glasses and could have been mistaken, he refused to believe that there was any possibility of a mistake because that would make him have to change his verdict. Therefore, he reverted back to the other evidence then realized he couldn’t because he said to throw away the other
However, in Twelve Angry Men, Juror Eight defies prejudices in his own beliefs, and eventually in the final verdict. When the eleven jurors are asking the Eighth Juror why he voted “not guilty”, he responds with “It’s just that we’re talking about somebody’s life here. I mean, we can’t decide in five minutes. Suppose we’re wrong?” (12). Even if the Eighth Juror may think that the boy might have actually killed his father, doesn’t mean he did just because the boy grew up in the slums and is a tough kid. No matter where the boy is from or what he looks like, his life is on the line. Thus, don’t jump to conclusions too quickly. Later on, when the jurors are talking about the knife that the boy had, Juror Eight was “saying it’s possible that the boy lost the knife and that someone else stabbed his father with a similar knife.” (22). Just because a violent boy who grew up in a violent family had a knife, doesn’t necessarily mean he is guilty of murder. Thus, things may not always be the way they seem, so don’t judge a book by its
Kerbel, Matthew R. (1993). An Empirical Test of the Role of Persuasion in the Exercise of
The term groupthink in this report is defined as, the social psychological phenomenon that results in groups during pressure situations. This social psychology theory is broken down into eight signs. Illusion of invulnerability, Collective rationalization, Belief in inherent morality, Stereotyped views of out-groups, Direct pressure on dissenters, Self-censorship, Illusion of unanimity, Self-appointed “mindguards”. According to research conducted by Irving Janis, there are three conditions to groupthink. The first, "high group cohesiveness" which is the direction for a group to be in unity while working towards a goal, or to satisfy the emotional needs of its members. Secondly, the structural faults such as insulation of the group, lack of norms and central leadership, in addition social background of group members. The third, situational context includes the circumstances of the groups meeting, social roles and expected behavior. This notion is exemplified during the movie, "12 Angry Men". The purpose of this essay is to examine the movie content to display the groupthink symptoms in place. Groupthink consists of eight major factors that occur during the film's scenes, as the twelve men debate a premeditated murder court case. All of the factors continue to rise as the jury discusses the young man's fate. During the film, a unanimous vote must be reached, despite this one man refuses to vote guilty. In 1957 the Orson Welles directed film opens as the judge explains the case and its severity. Soon after the group forms as the 12 men enter the jury discussion room. During these scene frames, the case evidence is explained. As the men talk they give details of an old man living beneath the boy testified, that he heard a fight, stat...
Within the movie, it can be seen that persuasive argument is employed by one single juror to help sway the majority to believe his analysis of the evidence presented. He sets on a course to reach out to each juror and improve their thinking by reasonable and justified persuasion. There were three points raised in the tri...
As we worked our way through the semester we moved from the Change Project to the Public Argument. I was able to look back at how one essay was developed into multiple essays. The type of paper I was writing determined how I was able to persuade my audience. The audience of the papers changed throughout the semester making the way I developed my paper also changed. In one essay I used the sources to persuade the readers towards agreeing with me. In the other essay I used my own words and thoughts to grab the reader’s attention and have them agree with my point of view on the issue. While one essay was a more formal audience and another was more informal the both required persuasion and attention grabbers. One audience was grasped by the use of facts while the other was grasped by talking about experiences and explaining how the topic related to the audience. While the paper was different each paper required some type of persuasion.
Imagine two people are arguing; one person is clearly right, but the other person is obviously winning. Why is this? People that make convincing arguments are usually the ones who can vouch for their character and make the audience think that they should believe them. Along with making people think they are trustworthy they must also appeal to human emotion. Change the way they feel and it will change the way they think.
For example, the old man that lived beneath the boy and his father testified that he heard a fight between the boy and the father and heard the boy yell, “I’m gonna kill you,” along with a body hitting the ground, and then claims that he saw the boy running down the stairs. With this information, along with other powerful eyewitness testimonies, all but one of the jury members believed this boy was guilty. The power of eyewitness testimony is also shown in Loftus’s (1974) study. In this study, Loftus (1974) found that those who claimed to “see” something were usually believed even when their testimony is pointless. She discovered in her study that only 18 percent of people convicted if there was no eyewitness testimony, 72 percent of people convicted when someone declared, “That’s the one!”, and even when the witness only had 20/400 vision and was not wearing glasses and claimed “That’s the one!”, 68 percent of people still convicted the person. This proves that in 12 Angry Men and Loftus (1974) study, eyewitness testimony is very powerful and influential in one’s decision to convict a
When someone tries to persuade others to join in thinking or believing something, a process takes place. Those receivers of the information are to process what the source is saying and in turn decide whether or not to go along with the idea. But what if people do not always process information, and what if they merely go with the crowd? The Elaboration Likelihood Theory (ELM) developed by Social psychologists Petty and Cacioppo, illustrates how persuasion, or the presentation of facts in order to move someone or thing a certain way, takes place. This model “analyzes the likelihood that receivers will cognitively elaborate,” in other words break down the information gathered and determine whether or not the message is enough to persuade the receiver (Enfante, Rancer & Avtgis, 2010, p. 172).
Eyewitness testimony is defined as, “an area of research that investigates the accuracy of memory following an accident, crime, or other significant event, and the types of errors that are commonly made in such situations.” Much emphasis is placed on the accuracy of eyewitness testimony as often-inaccurate eyewitness testimony can have serious consequences leading to wrong convictions. Eyewitness testimony is a powerful tool within any field, particularly that of justice, as it is a readily accepted form of evidence that allows for convictions. However, Tests conducted by Loftus have shown an enormous swing from a non-guilty verdict, to guilty within the same case, simply through the introduction of an eyewitness. This alone displays the importance of eyewitness testimony, and accentuates the theory that jurors tend to over believe, or at least rely heavily on such accounts.
In closing, Persuasion is a powerful tool, both in trying to persuade others and being
Guilty or not guilty is the key question found stuck in the head of any juror on a murder case. It seems like such a simple question, but the twelve jurors for a murder case of a boy who may have killed his father takes the question to a whole new level. The behaviors of these twelve men are quite unique when looking at them psychologically. They can be determined by a numerous number of psychological phenomena. Some specific phenomena that can be shown using incidences throughout the movie of 12 Angry Men are conformity, stereotyping, memory, personality, and sensation and perception.