More handpicked essays just for you.
Research abstract on infant mortality
Research abstract on infant mortality
Research abstract on infant mortality
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
Recommended: Research abstract on infant mortality
Perinatal mortality refers to the no of deaths in the first week of life and no of fetal deaths (stillbirths). Causes and determinants of neonatal deaths and stillbirths differ from those causing and contributing to post neonatal and child deaths. Neonatal deaths and stillbirths stem from poor maternal health, inadequate care during pregnancy, inappropriate management of complications during pregnancy and delivery, poor hygiene during delivery and the first critical hours after birth, and lack of newborn care. Several factors such as women’s status in society, their nutritional status at the time of conception, early childbearing, too many closely spaced pregnancies and harmful practices, such as inadequate cord care, letting the baby stay wet and cold, discarding colostrum and feeding other food, are deeply rooted in the …show more content…
Many communities have adapted to this situation by not recognizing the birth as complete, and by not naming the child, until the newborn infant has survived the initial period. Health workers at primary and secondary level of care often lack the skills to meet the needs of newborn infants, since the recognition of opportunity is only just emerging in countries, and their experience in this area is therefore limited. 2.1 Neonatal deaths Babies die after birth because they are severely malformed, are born very prematurely, suffer from obstetric complications before or during birth, have difficulty adapting to extrauterine life, or because of harmful practices after birth that lead to infections. Around 1% of infants have a major congenital anomaly. These anomalies are more common in developing than in developed countries, especially those caused by diseases such as syphilis, or by nutrient deficiency, which leads to neural tube defects and cretinism. Low birth weight has long been debated as one of the causes of neonatal
Neonatal nursing is a field of nursing designed especially for both newborns and infants up to 28 days old. The term neonatal comes from neo, "new", and natal, "pertaining to birth or origin”. Neonatal nurses are a vital part of the neonatal care team. These are trained professionals who concentrate on ensuring that the newborn infants under their care are able to survive whatever potential life threatening event they encounter. They treat infants that are born with a variety of life threatening issues that include instances of prematurity, congenital birth defects, surgery related problems, cardiac malformations, severe burns, or acute infection. Neonatal care in hospitals was always done by the nursing staff but it did not officially become a specialized medical field until well into 1960s. This was due to the numerous advancements in both medical care training and related technology that allowed for the improved treatment and survival rate of premature babies. According to the March of Dimes, one of every thirteen babies born in the United States annually suffers from low birth weight. This is a leading cause in 65% of infant deaths. Therefore, nurses play a very important role in providing round the clock care for these infants, those born with birth defects or other life threatening illness. In addition, these nurses also tend to healthy babies while their mothers recover from the birthing process. Prior to the advent of this specialized nursing field at risk newborn infants were mostly cared for by obstetricians and midwives who had limited resources to help them survive (Meeks 3).
Two-thirds of infants die during the first month of life due to low birth weight (Lia-Hoagberg et al, 1990). One reason for this outcome is primarily due to difficulties in accessing prenatal care. Prenatal health care encompasses the health of women in both pre and post childbearing years and provides the support for a healthy lifestyle for the mother and fetus and/or infant. This form of care plays an important role in the prevention of poor birth outcomes, such as prematurity, low birth weight and infant mortality, where education, risk assessment, treatment of complications, and monitoring of fetus development are vital (McKenzie, Pinger,& Kotecki, 2012). Although every woman is recommended to receive prenatal health care, low-income and disadvantaged minority women do not seek care due to structural and individual barriers.
The focus of this paper is to discuss the different characteristics of the two most effective methods of child births: Natural births and Cesarean section (C-section). Child birth includes labor and delivery; the entire process of passage from the womb, to the birth canal, to the outside world. Natural birth is a method of child birth in which medical interventions are minimal and the mother usually practices relaxation and breathing techniques to minimize pain during delivery. Cesarean section (c-section) is a method of birth which involves delivery through incisions in the abdominal walls and uterus. Natural births and C-sections both pose documented medical risks to the mother’s health including infections and other medical mishaps (Rowe- Murray 2002).
Infant mortality is considered a worldwide indicator of a nation’s health status. The United States still ranks 24th in infant mortality compared with other industrialized nations, even though infant mortality has declined steadily over the past several decades. Compared with the national average in 1996 of 7.2 deaths per 1,000 live births, the largest disparity is among blacks with a death rate of 14.2 per 1,000 in 1996 which is almost 2½ times that of white infants (6 deaths per 1,000 in 1996). American Indians as a whole have an infant death rate of 9 deaths per 1,000 in 1995, but some Indian communities have an infant mortality rate almost twice that of the national rate. The same applies to the Hispanic community, whose rate of 7.6 deaths per 1,000 births in 1995 doesn’t reflect the Puerto Rican community, whose rate was 8.9 deaths per 1,000 births in 1995.
As a first world country American infants should have a seemingly better start at life than many other countries. In recent decades America has made a strident effort in the progress towards lower Infant mortality rates resulting in a decline from 12.1-6.2 ( ). However, there is a concerning disparity between white American babies and black American babies in terms of infant mortality. The current Infant mortality rate for non-Hispanic white women is 5.11 deaths per 1,000 births. For Non-Hispanic black women the rate is 11.42 deaths per 1,000 births.. A high rate of infant mortality is seen equally in African Americans across the strata of the racial group showing no prejudice to SES, education, and other intrinsic factors such as education or access to health care. African American infant mortality rates are a severe social disparity in modern America as compared to other minority and non-minority groups regardless of SES, educational status, and age. This alarmingly oppositional data is both puzzling and startling to public health professionals and doctors alike as they attempt to determine a direct cause for such a devastating disparity
a baby ranging from low birth weight and abnormalities to death. There are a few government
OH is the leading cause of maternal mortality globally, responsible for approximately 25% of the 300,000 maternal deaths estimated annually (El Ayadi et al., 2013). Substandard care, which includes delayed diagnoses and institution of timely and appropriate treatment, was identified in 80% of maternal deaths (Ratnam et al., 2008). The majority of these maternal deaths occur in resource-limited settings (Sutherland et al., 2013). PPH causes the most maternal deaths and is lar...
According to Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, “In the United States, nearly thirteen percent of babies are born preterm, and many of these babies also have a low birth weight.” The baby may be put into the NICU for varies reasons. However, the most common reason that a child is put into the NICU is because he or she is premature. Premature means the baby was born before the 36 weeks. It is never good for a baby to be born early, as this could mean that the baby is not fully developed. There are other factors as to why a child may need to be put into the NICU after birth. For instance, birth defects can be the cause of why a baby is put into the NICU. A baby may be born with an infection such as herpes or chlamydia which can damage the newborns immune system at such a young age. Low blood sugar or hypoglycemia can also cause an infant to be put into the NICU. Some maternal factors of why a baby may be put into the NICU is if the mother is “younger than 16 or older than 40.” If the parent may be an alcoholic or expose the baby to drugs, this can put the child into NICU care. If the parent has an STD or sexual transmitted disease, the baby is most likely going to have to be put into the intensive care unit. “Twins, triplets, and other multiples are often admitted into the NICU, as they tend to be born earlier and s...
Reddy, U. M., Zhang, J., Sun, L., Chen, Z., Raju, T. N., & Laughon, K. (2012). Neonatal mortality by attempted route of delivery in early preterm birth. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 207(2). doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2012.06.023
Every day, 370,000 babies are born into this world- each having the potential to live a prosperous and productive life. Unfortunately, some of these tiny, fragile humans do not live until their first birthday. The death of infants within the first year of life is known as infant mortality. There are many contributing factors as to why infant mortality may be high or low in a specific area. In order to measure the amount of deaths that occur in a particular region, the number of newborns that die before the age of one year old per 1,000 live births are recorded and is known as the infant mortality rate in that society. Generally, the infant mortality rate of a country directly reflects on the health-care system provided. Unfortunately, in today’s world, a child dies every four seconds.
Birth weight of a child is the first and most important indicator of his/her health condition. Birth weight is the first weight of fetus obtained after birth. But this is a final result of long process which is accomplished by maternal nutrition. Unless child is a preterm baby (born before the end of 3rd trimester) he/she should be averagely more than 2,500g of weight to consider as normal (WHO, 2000).This is not only a risk for under developed or developing countries but affecting to developed countries as well. There are numerous factors affecting this adverse situation. In this document it is going to be discussed thoroughly and widely with some logical solutions which should be ideal to introduce immediately. As concerned above this low birth weight (LBW) issue has caused to many health impairments in latter part of the life. This impaired fetal feeding and the resulting intrauterine growth restriction has being caused for infant mortality by 8-17 % of pregnancies in the developed and developing countries (UNICEF, 2003). Though the child was low in weight he/she may bear many health problems inside the body which are shown at the elderly period. To describe the prevalence of this low birth weight all over the world, the table 01 is given below.
World Health Organization., 2010. WHO Technical consultation on postpartum and postnatal care. Department of making pregnancy safer. WHO/MPS/10.03.
Most women are not always aware of dangers of pregnancy. Pregnancy is an awesome thing to experience in life; it is one of the most common thing women can experience. However, pregnancy can also be the most dangerous thing. During the time that a woman becomes pregnant it’s very important for her to keep up with her health. There are so many dangers to pregnancy that are not always known until later during the pregnancy. This paper will inform readers about the dangers of pregnancy. Pregnancy can be an awesome experience it also can be some women bad experience. In this paper it informs the readers on some of the research that has taken place during the process of writing this research paper. If you’re pregnant or plan to become pregnant then it’s a great idea to get ahead start of information before birth just so you will have a better understanding about the dangers of pregnancy. While reading this paper the research has shown that pregnancy are not always easy. To who may read this paper I hope that you’ve read the following information and that you have receive a better understanding.
Maternal mortality and morbidity in recent years has become a major deveopmental issue and a matter of concern in many developing countries especially with the passage of the United Nations Millennium development goals. Many countries including Ghana are striving to reach the Millenium Development Goal (MDG) target 5 by 2015. Ghana is one of the sub-Saharan African countries still recording high numbers of maternal mortality and morbidity related issues and this poses a serious challenge for the country in matching towards the attainment of the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 5 target by 2015. The country after fifty-six years of independence is plagued with high number of pregnancy-related deaths due to lack of quality and equitable access to skilled delivery care. The Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 5 for which Ghana has signed on to aims at reducing maternal mortality ratios by 75% by the year 2015 and to increase the number of skilled attendants at delivery by two-thirds (Millennium Development Goals in Ghana Report, 2010 p.16). The maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in Ghana acc...
A preterm infant is defined as a baby born alive before 37 weeks of the pregnancy is completed. Low birth weight is defined as an infant weighing less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces at birth. According to the World Health Organization, an estimated 15 million babies are born too early every year. That is more than 1 in 10 babies. Almost 1 million children die each year due to complications of preterm birth. Globally, prematurity is the leading cause of death in children under the age of five (5). In almost all countries with reliable data, preterm birth rates are increasing (WHO, 2003).