Pregnancy and childbirth is a natural process of life in result of timely ovulation and fertilization (Bledsoe, Porter & Cherry, 2011). Child delivery occurs daily, usually requiring minimal assistance, however complications can and do arise and as health care professionals it is in our duty to be able to recognise them quickly in order to manage them accordingly (Bledsoe et al., 2011). This essay will focus on complications of obstetric haemorrhage (OH) in the antepartum and postpartum periods. As described by Mosby, (2010) antepartum hemorrhage (APH) is any form of bleeding coming from a pregnant uterus with a normally positioned placenta, in particular after the 28th week of gestation. In comparison, postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is classified as excessive amounts of bleeding immediately following childbirth. A small amount of bleeding is normal but if it amounts to more than 500ml intervention is required (Mosby, 2010). Additionally, this essay will discuss the epidemiology, assessment, presentation and pre-hospital management (PHM) principles for incidence of both types of OH while in conjunction it will explore critical appraisals of current treatments and discover ethical and cultural diversities within the medical sector of this specialised population. OH is the leading cause of maternal mortality globally, responsible for approximately 25% of the 300,000 maternal deaths estimated annually (El Ayadi et al., 2013). Substandard care, which includes delayed diagnoses and institution of timely and appropriate treatment, was identified in 80% of maternal deaths (Ratnam et al., 2008). The majority of these maternal deaths occur in resource-limited settings (Sutherland et al., 2013). PPH causes the most maternal deaths and is lar... ... middle of paper ... ...ca, 89(8), 1096-1099. doi:10.3109/00016349.2012.481015 St John New Zealand. (2013). Clinical Practise Guidelines 2013-2015. Wellington, New Zealand: St John New Zealand. Sutherland, T., Downing, J., Miller, S., Bishai, D. M., Butrick, E., Fathalla, M. F., Mourad-Youssif, M., Ojengbede, O., & Kahn, J. G. (2013). Use of the Non-Pneumatic Anti-Shock Garment (NASG) for Life-Threatening Obstetric Hemorrhage: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis in Egypt and Nigeria. Plos ONE, 8(4), 1-8. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062282 Te Ara, the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. (2012). Story: Papatuanuku- the land. Retrieved April 17, 2014, from http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/papatuanuku-the-land/page-4 The Code of Health and Disability Services Consumer’s Right 1996. (2009). Health and disability commissioner. Retrieved April 15, 2014, from http://www.hdc.org.nz/the-act--code/the-code-of-rights
In the chronological, descriptive ethnography Nest in the Wind, Martha Ward described her experience on the rainy, Micronesian island of Pohnpei using both the concepts of anthropological research and personal, underlying realities of participant observation to convey a genuine depiction of the people of Pohnpei. Ward’s objective in writing Nest in the Wind was to document the concrete, specific events of Pohnpeian everyday life and traditions through decades of change. While informing the reader of the rich beliefs, practices, and legends circulated among the people of Pohnpei, the ethnography also documents the effects of the change itself: the island’s adaptation to the age of globalization and the survival of pre-colonial culture.
Sonia P. Juvik, James O. Juvik. Atlas of Hawaii. 3rd Edition. Hilo: University of Hawai'i Press, 1998.
In doing this project the literature drawn from is largely non-scholarly for the reason that I am prevailing upon the reader to think outside the box about birth. Most of the “scholarly” research that is available was written by doctors or nurses/nurse midwives who were trained in the medical model of birth. Since part of my premise is that the high rate of Cesarean sections is caused in part by viewing birth as a medical and therefore pathological event, and in part for its emergence as a capitalistic industry, it was then necessary to find literature written by people who have expertise in birthing though not from the traditional obstetrical/medical school approach.
Health and Social Care Act (HSCA) (2008) (Regulated Activities) Regulations 2010. Available at: http://www.cqc.org.uk/sites/default/files/media/documents/health_and_social_care_act_2008_regulated_activities.pdf Accessed on:
Jovik, Sonia P. and James O. Jovik. (1997). “History.” Atlas of Hawaii. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, p.408.
Worldwide, the rate of cesarean section is increasing. According to the CDC, in 2012 the rate of cesarean sections comprised 32.8% of all births in the United States (CDC, 2013). Between 1996-2009 the cesarean section rate has risen 60% in the U.S (CDC, 2013). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 50% of the 137 countries studies had cesarean section rates higher than 15% (WHO, 2010). The current goal of U.S. 2020 Healthy People is to reduce the rate of cesarean section to a target of 23.9%, which is almost 10% lower than the current rate (Healthy People 2020, 2013). According to a study conducted by Gonzales, Tapia, Fort, and Betran (2013), the appropriate percentage of performed cesarean sections is unclear, and is dependent on the circumstances of each individual birth (p. 643). Though often a life-saving procedure when necessary, the risks and complications associated with cesarean delivery are a cause for alarm due to the documented rate increase of this procedure across the globe. Many studies have revealed that cesarean deliveries increase the incidence of maternal hemorrhage and mortality and neonatal respiratory distress when compared to vaginal deliveries. As a result, current research suggests that efforts to reduce the rate of non-medically indicated cesarean sections should be made, and that comprehensive patient education should be provided when considering an elective cesarean delivery over a planned vaginal delivery.
eclampsia in a pregnant woman can put her and her unborn child at risk. A risk
Postpartum hemorrhage is the leading cause of maternal mortality in the world, according to the World Health Organization. Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is generally defined as a blood loss of more than 500 mL after a vaginal birth, more than 1000 mL after a cesarean section, and a ten percent decrease in hematocrit levels from pre to post birth measurements (Ward & Hisley, 2011). An early hemorrhage occurs within 24 hours of birth, with the greatest risk in the first four hours. A late hemorrhage happens after 24 hours of birth but less than six weeks after birth. Uterine atony—failure for the uterine myometrium to contract—is the most common postpartum hemorrhage (Venes, Ed.).(2013). Other etiologies include lower genital tract lacerations, uterine inversion, retained products of conception and bleeding disorders (Kawamura, Kondoh, Hamanishi, Kawasaki, & Fujita, (2014).
JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association. 14 Nov. 2001: 2322. Academic Search Complete. Web.
Sepsis is a “cunning, insidious and non-specific illness” (Raynor, 2012) but progression can be rapturous with a sudden catastrophic circulatory collapse and mortality up to 50%. (Angus et al., 2001) Over five million cases arise per year of maternal sepsis, resulting in an estimated 62,000 maternal deaths globally (WHO, 2008) During the 18th and 19th century, puerperal sepsis resulted in 50% of maternal deaths over Europe (Loudon, 2000). The World Health Organisation (WHO) defined puerperal sepsis as ‘infection of the genital tract occurring at any time between the rupture of membranes or labour, and the 42nd day postpartum, of which two or more of the following are present: pelvic pain, fever 38.5C or more, abnormal vaginal discharge, abnormal smell of discharge, and delay in the rate of reduction of size of uterus (less than 2 cm a day during the first 8 days)’ (WHO, 1992).
A lot of pregnancies have led to maternal mortality and maternal morbidity. This area of concern is often situated with MFM subspecialists, in order to reduce the rate of maternal mortality and maternal morbidity (Haywood, B., 2012). The Society for Maternal-fetal Medicine also strives to improve maternal and child birth outcomes by standards of prevention, diagnosis and treatment through research, education and training. (Schubert, K. & Cavarocchi, N., 2012) In order for MFM subspecialists to help reduce the rate of maternal deaths, they must receive adequate training and education, including research, which is very essential for treatment. The main focus of the MFM subspecialist is early diagnosis of fetal abnormalities, pathogenesis, and early diagnosis and treatment of pre-eclampsia and fetal growth restriction. In ...
Unnecessary Maternal Mortality." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 18 May 2009. Web. 04 May 2014.
In closing, the Ta tatau short story by Emma Kruse Va’ai can be a great source of history for the Samoan people. As illustrated in the above scope, the author profoundly and comprehensively
Aotearoa is the home to Te reo Maori where is should be promoted and encouraged. In fact, Te Whāriki and New Zealand Early Childhood curriculum acknowledge Te reo Maori by encouraging the teachers to promote and implement it in early childhood settings allowing all children the opportunity to understand and develop an understanding of Maori heritages; Te reo, and partnership to Te Tiriti of Waitangi(Ministry of Education [M...
The Treaty of Waitangi is a very important document to New Zealand. It is an agreement that was drawn up by representatives of the British Crown and Maori Hapu and Iwi. It was first signed at the Bay of Islands on February 6th, 1840. There has been a lot of debate over the years about the translation of words between the English and Te Reo Maori versions of the text and the differences in the word meaning over the who languages. In this assignment I am going to cover the rights and responsibilities that the treaty contains and an explanation of the differences in wordings and I am also going to contextualise my understanding of the differences of wording against the Maori Worldview and the Declaration of Independence.