This essay shall discuss the pathophysiology, prevalence and symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes. As well as, factors that may affect patients’ health. As well as, three health goals to self-manage diabetes including nutrition, exercise and glucose monitoring. This shall also further discuss the three main components of self-management control such as life style, education and referral. Lastly, the role of a nurse working with the patient and with the multidisciplinary team.
The pathophysiology of diabetes type 2 (T2DM) is the development of impaired insulin secretion and insulin resistance. Impaired insulin secretion is the reduction in glucose responsiveness which can occur pre-onset. Impaired glucose tolerance is both activated by a decrease in glucose responsiveness and a decrease in insulin secretion after meals. This in turn can lead to postprandial hyperglycemia. Impaired insulin secretion is often
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A large number of people with type 2 diabetes can also experience metabolic features such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia and an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (Skyler et al., 2017).
Prevalence
In the US, approximately 95% of the 30 million people are diagnosed with T2DM. T2DM incidence increases among the youth particularly among certain racial and ethnic groups with high risk for developing T2DM and T2DM complications. Also, worldwide there is a high prevalence of T2DM predominantly in East Asia, South Asia and Australia which have more adults with diabetes than others. The risk of being susceptible to developing T2DM is associated of individuals of low socioeconomic background (Skyler et al., 2017).
The rate of diabetes in Australia has demonstrated an increase of 3.8% in 2007-08. Within this period 88% of the Australian population reported they had Type 2 Diabetes. Around 77% of these people were aged 45 years and over (ABS, 2011).
Diabetes education is a structured education and self-management (at diagnosis and regularly reviewed and reinforced) to promote awareness. Diet and lifestyle, healthy diet, weight loss if the person is overweight, smoking cessation, regular physical exercise. Maximizing glucose control while minimizing adverse effects of treatment such as hypoglycemia. Reduction of other risk factors for complications of diabetes, including the early detection and management of hypertension, drug treatment to modify lipid levels and consideration of antiplatelet therapy with aspirin. Early intervention for complications of diabetes,, including cardiovascular disease, feet problems, eye problems, kidney problems and neuropathy.
The pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus in is related to the insulin hormone. Insulin is secreted by cells in the pancreas and is responsible for regulating the level of glucose in the bloodstream. It also aids the body in breaking down the glucose to be used as energy. When someone suffers from diabetes, however, the body does not break down the glucose in the blood as a result of abnormal insulin metabolism. When there are elevated levels of glucose in the blood, it is known as hyperglycemia. If the levels continue to remain high over an extended period of time, damage can be done to the kidneys, cardiovascular systems; you can get eye disorders, or even cause nerve damage. When the glucose levels are low in one’s body, it is called hypoglycemia. A person begins to feel very jittery, and possibly dizzy. If that occurs over a period of time, the person can possibly faint. Diabetes mellitus occurs in three different forms - type 1, type 2, and gestational.
Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 44(9), 406. doi:10.3928/00220124-20130617-38. Torpy, J. M. (2011). The 'Standard' Diabetes. Jama, 305(24), 2592 pp.
Diabetes is a chronic disorder of metabolism characterized by a partial or complete deficiency of the hormone insulin. With this, there are metabolic adjustments that occur everywhere in the body. Specific to this child is Type One Diabetes. This is characterized by demolition of the pancreatic beta cells, which produce insulin. Because of this, it leads to complete insulin deficiency. Within Type One diabetes, there are two different forms. First there is immune-mediated deficiency, which typically results from an autoimmune destruction of the beta cells. The second type is called idiopathic type one, in which the cause is unknown. (Wong, Hockenberry, Wilson, 2015)
Accordingto Diabetes UK (2012) “There are currently 3.8 million people in the UK with diabetes, including an estimated 850,000 people who have Type 2 diabetes but do not know it.” Helping to shape their services and work, Diabetes UK makes sure to involve people affected by and at risk of diabetes no matter what ethnic background they come from. From support and care to preventing, campaigning, fundraising and researching, they work to take on the fastest growing epidemic in the UK.
...revention through awareness and education is achieved via the work of government initiatives such as the National Diabetes Services Scheme and health campaigns including Measure Up. The NDSS also works to improve the self-management of diabetes. Physiotherapists also have a role in the management of diabetes through implementing exercise programs. An evidence-based approach was used to create the proposed exercise program that aimed to manage the high blood glucose levels associated with insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes (Sigal et al., 2007). It utilized both aerobic and resistance training in accordance with current knowledge of the most effective dosages for the population group. Physiotherapists must work alongside other healthcare professionals such as dietitians and general practitioners to provide optimal support and management for patients with diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes is a progressive condition occurring in adults over 45 years but is now increasing in younger age groups such as children, adolescents and young adults. With type 2 diabetes the body becomes resistant and the insulin gradually loses that capacity to produce enough insulin to the pancreas. Diabetes is the fastest growing chronic condition in Australia. The numbers with people diagnosed with type 2 diabetes is increasing. In the past year more than 100,000 people have been diagnosed with diabetes. (https://www.diabetesaustralia.com.au/diabetes-in-australia) The numbers with people having type 2 diabetes is increasing in children mainly because they are not getting the right about of exercise each day, and eating incorrectly. This is happening because of the all the new electronic gadgets. This is concerning because this disease is taking memorable years from that person’s life. An idea for treatment could be that kids and adults should manage their life style more by eating healthier and doing more exercise. They could also go to the doctors and have
Jost, Kenneth. “Diabetes Epidemic: why is this serious disease on the increase?” The CQ Researcher (March 9, 2001): 185-200
P ICOT? Individuals with type II diabetes as well as their families and their healthcare professionals are impacted by this problem. The intervention identified as best practice focus on direct nursing support as the most effective management in diabetes patients. Interventions focused on management strategies prescribed by nurse practioners and medical doctors. The study results indicate that the use of direct patient support provided by nurse practioners were most effective for compliance and increasing management in diabetes
Since Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is one of the most common health challenges world-wide, I am going to further incorporate the topic in my paper. Through academic research and resources, in my first paragraph I will be providing the health promotion definition along with expressing the importance for patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. My second paragraph will display the pathophysiology to help comprehend how this health challenge is present in the body. Health promotion interventions will also be incorporated with ideas and specific information to aid individuals in promoting health and preventing development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
Diabetes Melitus Type 2 (T2DM) from the biomedical model and social models of health have important differences. This paper illustrates that the sociological approach to T2DM goes beyond the pathophysiology of the biomedical model and is founded on the premise that social factors impact health. An overview of the biomedical model and discussion of T2DM within this model is followed by a description of the sociological model with a discussion of T2DM within this model. Evidence will support the assertion that using a sociological approach will add to the understanding of the sociological factors contributing to the development of T2DM.
Type II diabetes is a serious problem that has been increasing over the years. The CDC predicts that by the year 2050 one in every three US adults could have diabetes. Type II diabetes, happens when the body gradually loses its ability to use or produce insulin, this is the leading cause of cases of diabetes. A person with diabetes has a lot of risk factors that come with this disease. Patients with diabetes have a two to four time greater chance of having a stroke and also having a heart disease related death. Diabetes is the leading cause of new blindness and non traumatic amputations.
Norris SL, Lua, J, Smith SJ, Schmid CH & Engelgau, MM 2002, ‘Self- Management Education for Adults With Type ‘Diabetes’, Diabetes Care, Vol. 25 no.7, July, pp.1159-1171.
Polonsky, W.H (2006). ’Encouraging effective self-management in diabetes.’ In: k101 An introduction to health and social care, resources, Block 3, pg19, Milton Keynes, The open university.
Diabetes is a common disease, which can be a serious, life-long illness caused by high levels of glucose in the blood. This condition is when the body cannot produce insulin or lack of insulin production from the beta cells in the islet of Langerhans in the pancreas. Diabetes can cause other health problems over time. Eye, kidneys, and nerves can get damaged and chances of stroke are always high. Because of the serious complications, the purposes of teaching a plan for diabetes patients are to optimize blood glucose control, optimize quality of life, and prevent chronic and potentially life-threatening complications.