Sam Surf had suspicions about the illegal knockoffs and inaccurate measurements of the active and inactive ingredients in San Diego drug store purchased Panacetin. The purpose of the experiment was to respond to the message from a drug watchdog agency, the Association for Safe Pharmaceuticals (ASP). The experiment was carried out in order to determine the percentage of aspirin, sucrose, and the unknown component by analyzing the drug preparation of “Panacetin,” and in the final stage, to identify the unknown component as acetanilide or phenacetin through purification. The purification of the unknown product was performed by boiling and allowing recrystallization of the product, then drying it to be further analyzed. The melting point ranges were measured in order to complete the analysis of the unknown product to determine its actual identity as either phenacetin or acetanilide. The volume of water necessary to boil the unknown was also a clue as to which component was present as the unknown in the drug preparation of Panacetin. If the unknown was acetanilide, its solubility would have required a volume of about 20 mL of water. However, the volume required for the unknown component to completely …show more content…
dissolve when boiled was closer to the volume required for phenacetin to dissolve based on its solubility, which was about 83 mL of water. The melting point could then be used to finalize the determination of the identity of the unknown component.
The purified unknown had a melting point range, as seen in Table 1, of 135-137ºC. When the unknown was combined with acetanilide, the melting point range of the mixture was much lower, at only 97-106ºC. The literature melting point of acetanilide is 114ºC where the literature melting point of phenacetin is 135ºC. When the unknown was combined with phenacetin, as seen in Table 1, the melting point range of the mixture was very close to that of the purified unknown, 134-138ºC, and the literature value of phenacetin. It could therefore be concluded that, based on the solubility and melting point of the unknown component, the unknown could be identified as
phenacetin. There could be some experimental error as well throughout the procedure. First, when boiling the unknown, there could have been some solid that was not completely dissolved. Then, when it recrystallized, it could have been cooled at too rapid of a pace if it was placed in cooling water too soon. From there, there could have been error because the solid crystals may have been collected before being fully crystallized, and when they were collected, some may have been left behind when washing before vacuum filtration. When the melting point of the unknown was measured, samples of the product were used to mix with the two possible unknown components, acetanilide and phenacetin, as well as some purified unknown. Therefore, some of the solid crystal product would have been lost in the melting point process and transfer when measuring melting point. All of those errors could have contributed to a lower percent yield and actual yield of the unknown product. In another attempt at the experiment, the errors could be minimized or eliminated by more patiently allowing the product to dissolve and recrystallize. When transferring the product before filtration, it could have been more completely rinsed. Also, when measuring the melting point, the transfer of the product could have been done more carefully, and the exact amounts of the product used for the process could have been calculated and added to the final recovery.
The purpose of the Unknown White Compound Lab was to identify the unknown compound by performing several experiments. Conducting a solubility test, flame test, pH paper test, ion test, pH probe test, conductivity probe test, and synthesizing the compound will accurately identified the unknown compound. In order to narrow down the possible compounds, the solubility test was used to determine that the compound was soluble in water. Next, the flame test was used to compare the unknown compound to other known compounds such as potassium chloride, sodium chloride, and calcium carbonate. The flame test concluded that the cation in the unknown compound was potassium. Following, pH paper was used to determine the compound to be neutral and slightly
At this point the identity of the unknown compound was hypothesized to be calcium nitrate. In order to test this hypothesis, both the unknown compound and known compound were reacted with five different compounds and the results of those reactions were compared. It was important to compare the known and unknown compounds quantitatively as well to ensure that they were indeed the same compound. This was accomplished by reacting them both with a third compound which would produce an insoluble salt that could be filte...
Results: Through a melting point reading, it was determined that the product obtained was 2,4-Dibromoanisol mp 55-58 C. The products obtained by my partners, were determined to be: (p-bromoacetanilide mp 160-165 C) and (2,4,6 tribromoaniline, mp of 108-110 C) respectively.
In a separate beaker, acetone (0.587 mL, 8 mmol) and benzaldehyde (1.63 mL, 16 mmol) were charged with a stir bar and stirred on a magnetic stirrer. The beaker mixture was slowly added to the Erlenmeyer flask and stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. Every 10 minutes, a small amount of the reaction mixture was spotted on a TLC plate, with an eluent mixture of ethyl acetate (2 mL) and hexanes (8 mL), to monitor the decrease in benzaldehyde via a UV light. When the reaction was complete, it was chilled in an ice bath until the product precipitated, which was then vacuum filtrated. The filter cake was washed with ice-cold 95% ethanol (2 x 10 mL) and 4% acetic acid in 95% ethanol (10 mL). The solid was fluffed and vacuum filtrated for about 15 minutes. The 0.688 g (2.9 mmol, 36.8%, 111.3-112.8 °C) product was analyzed via FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopies, and the melting point was obtained via
Craig, D. Q. (2002). Pharmaceutical Applications of Micro-Thermal Analysis. Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 91(5), 1201-1213.
Aspirin contains the substance acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), which can relieve inflammation, fever, pain, and known as a “blood thinner”. Aspirin was not officially trademarked until March 6, 1899 when the Imperial Office of Berlin made it official. It has been used for the last 110 years, but its natural form, salicylic acid has been around for thousands by Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans. Aspirin is available in over 80 countries and known as the best non-prescription drug. The most common use of aspirin is to cure headaches and use it as a pain reliever, but aspirin is known to prevent heart attack and strokes. It was first proposed in 1940, but wasn’t confirmed until 1970 when doctors would recommend taking aspirin daily [1].
contamination, toxicity, and side effects. Most people believe these medications are compounded or mixed by a trained and licensed individual. However, this is inaccurate because the pharmacy technician actually compounds a large percentage of a patient’s medications. Compounding involves a techn...
In the late 1800’s it was discovered that papa-amino-phenol, could reduce fever, but the drug was too toxic to use. A less toxic extract called phenacetin was later found to be just as effective but also had pain-relieving properties. In 1949, it was learned that phenacetin was metabolized into an active but also less toxic drug, acetaminophen. Since then, acetaminophen has been sold under many over the counter brand names, most popular being Tylenol.
Ostrove, N. M. (2004). Statement of Nancy M. Ostrove, Ph.D., Deputy Director, Division of Drug.
1-Paracetamol ( PCT), acetaminophen or N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (APAP) is an acylated aromatic amide derived from aniline [1] [s073][so96089] .It has antipyretic and analgesic properties and it is a synthetic non-opioid.[3] In 1893, acetaminophen was first described as an analgesic and antypiretic.. [s17] In 1866, acetanilide, another derived from aniline, was discovered to have antipyretic properties and has started to be used to treat fever. However, it was proved to have toxicity. Thus, others derivatives from aniline such as paracetamol and phenacetin were assumed to be toxic as well. In 1887 phenacetin was discovered to have serious side effects including methaemoglobin formation and haemolytic anaemia. In 1893, acetaminophen was first described to be an analgesic and antypiretic [s17] and in 1948 paracetamol was found to be phenacetin’s and acetanilide’s metabolite which was responsible for the antipyretic and analgesic properties of these two compounds. [1]
The melting point helps to determine how close to a pure compound the extracted crystals were. When the dry crystals of Acetanilide were melted, they were found to have a melting point of 119.5°C. The melting point of pure Acetanilide that is recorded in literature is reported between 113-115°C. Knowing that this is the range of the melting point, it is possible that the Acetanilide recovered is relatively pure. The melting point found might not be in the reported range due to some errors throughout the laboratory procedure. Some errors that may have been possible are as follows: not completely dissolving the solvent, using too little solvent, improper weighing of original solvent, placing the solvent into the ice bath before it was completely cooled to room temperature, and not identifying where the crystals had completely
There are many ways to determine the effectiveness of medication mediums, but dissolution will be the main focus. Dissolution refers to “the process of a solute dispersing/dissociating in a solvent, forming a molecular level, chemically and physically homogeneous dispersion, called a solution” (Remington Education…). Therefore, in this scenario, the main goal of a dissolution test is to identify information on drug release.
Dozens of deaths of Haitian children from a drug ingredient from China caused an American Health official to send investigators to find out who made the lethal additive and why a company in China exported the drug as safe pharmaceutical-grade glycerin. The Chinese did not cooperate. Questions asked to find the maker were ignored and business records were hidden or destroyed. A decade later a 100 people died in Panama from a Chinese produced medicine that contained diethylene glycol (Hooker et al).
Henahan, Sean. ARainforest Medicines.@ Newsmaker Interviews. (1996): 6 pages. Online Internet. 1 Oct. 2003. Available
I have always had a great interest in medicine because of the impact it causes on the body. The fact that a pill the size of a lentil can produce so much change in our bodies, as well as the advances in the medical word has inspired me to learn about the formation, characteristics, and the effects of drugs.