1. State why it is a good idea to test a module in isolation from other modules. During unit testing, each module is unit tested to determine the correct working of all the individual modules. It involves testing each module in isolation as this is the most efficient way to debug the errors identified at this stage. So it is always a good idea to test a module in isolation from other modules. Why different modules making up a software product are almost never integrated simultaneously. Integration of different modules is undertaken once they have been coded and unit tested. During the integration and system testing phase, the modules are integrated in a planned manner. The different modules making up a software product are almost never …show more content…
integrated in one shot. Integration is normally carried out incrementally over a number of steps. During each integration step, the partially integrated system is tested and a set of previously planned modules are added to it. Finally, when all the modules have been successfully integrated and tested, system testing is carried out. 2. Why are iterations usually limited when the waterfall model is used? The waterfall model is a document-driven model with documents produced at the end of each phase. Because of the cost of producing and approving documents, iterations and costly and involve significant rework. Hence they are limited. Iterative model is used when tight market deadlines make completion of a comprehensive software product impossible, but a limited version must be introduced in order to meet competitive or business pressure; a set of core product or system requirements are well understood, but the details of product or system extensions have yet to be defined. In these and above situations, a process model is required that has been explicitly designed to accommodate a product that evolves over time. Iterative model provides the best help in such situation. The main drawback of the waterfall model is the difficulty of accommodating change after the process is underway. In principle, a phase has to be complete before moving onto the next phase. 3. Why is it increasingly irrelevant to distinguish between software development and evolution? Few software systems are now completely new and a more realistic model of software development is of an iterative process that lasts for the lifetime of the software. A software evolution is occurring, and it is going to benefit both customers and businesses immensely. Software will no longer come as a packet that needs to be installed on a PC, but rather it will be completely Web based. Web based software will become the default way of reaching customers. Customers will have advantages such as using an unlimited amount of software, using applications regardless of where the person is or which computer he/she is using, software can be personalized and upgraded to meet specific needs to each individual. Businesses will be able to reduce costs, reach a larger customer pool, tailor its software to diverse markets, repair bugs more rapidly and easily, understand its customer and the way they use their software, etc. In order for this software revolution to occur in whole, there needs to be a central point. Like Microsoft's DOS in the 80?'s, which became the standard choice of operating system to centralize and organize our computer operations, there needs to be an online operating system. As of now, Microsoft has built an empire because of its vision and their dominance in the OS market. However, now there is a window of opportunity to take a large chunk of that empire and possibly eliminate Microsoft's monopoly of the Operating System. While there are many companies and organizations (Apple, Linux, Windows) out there trying to take a bite out of Microsoft by competing on the same turf, PC users are accustomed to Windows and will most likely not switch. The opportunity to eliminate this monopoly is to create an Online Operating System. PC users will inevitably move completely online. An Online Operating System will be the central point of every user in the future. There are online companies who have an inside advantage to this, such as Yahoo!, Google, and AOL, but it can be anyone's modal, even to a fairly unknown competitor, as was Microsoft when they introduced DOS to the world. In this new concept of Operating System, there can be a larger space of diversity and can be shared by more companies, unlike the current status. The word "evolution” in software evolution is more than just an analogy. The set of program requirements constitute a fitness function, and the space of all possible programs constitute a fitness landscape. The act of developing and maintaining a piece of software plots a path across this landscape. Software evolution can be seen as a form of human-guided search for a program that meets the specified requirements. 4. Explain why change is inevitable in complex systems and give examples of software process activities that help predict changes and make the software being developed more resilient to change. Complex systems are comprised of interconnected parts, which as a whole exhibit one or more properties, not evident from the specific properties of the individual parts (Rocha, 1999). However, as complex systems are studied by quite an impressive number of fields, including ecology, cybernetics, business, and economy, their definition is subject to the particular context in which they are used (Collier, 2005). Although the definition and interpretation of a complex system is subject to many variables and to the field that is studying it, there is one aspect regarding this matter which most experts tend to agree with; that change is innate to any complex system. Complex systems are dynamic and thus, they are prone to transformation from their very inception. A complex system is subject to change for a number of reasons.
Firstly, these types of systems are installed in an environment which instantly adapts to the complex system and starts generating new requirements from the very moment it starts using it. These new requirements may occur because only after a process of trial and error can one truly see what functions with a system and what does not; and these things may not have been evident before the installment of the complex system. As a part of evolution, the user's own requirements will also change and, in a way, become more demanding. As business policies and goals evolve and transform, new requirements will be generated for complex systems as well. It is this evolution and demand that will prompt the changes that also have to affect the complex system for it to match with what is being asked and expected of it. Change is essential for a complex system to preserve its usefulness. As long as a system is in accordance with the definition of "complex”, change will occur naturally and automatically in order to increase efficiency and effectiveness (Kirshbaum, 2002). Although change is accepted as a natural occurrence in complex systems, there are certain ways in which this change can be …show more content…
predicted. Software process activities that help predict change and that build software to be more resilient to it include: design modeling that documents the software's structure; recording requirements rationale in order to know why a certain requirement is present; tracing requirements to demonstrate the dependent relationship between one requirement and another, and between requirements and the software's design.
Another process activity useful for the prediction of changes is requirements-driven impact analysis or RIDA, for short. This analysis is used to pinpoint which software entities need to be altered in order to be able to implement a certain requirement (Lindvall, 1998). RIDA, which is conducted during the release planning phase, takes two variables into consideration. Firstly, there is the input, which refers to the existing complex system and the set of requirements. Secondly, there is the output, which represents the specific software entities that have to be changed to meet each requirement. The main idea one has to understand is that change is not an exception, but rather, the only constant in life (Brooks, 1975). To some extent, changes in complex systems can be predicted and the system can be altered in such a way that it becomes resilient to these transformations. Nonetheless, change in complex systems has to be accepted as an invariable constant and a natural component in evolution.
REFERENCES Brooks, F (1995). The Mythical Man-Month: Essays on Software Engineering. 2nd ed. US: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. 15 Cumming, G. S., and J. Collier. 2005. Change and identity in complex systems. Ecology and Society. Available: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol10/iss1/art29/ [Accessed on 13th January 2013] Kirshbaum, D. (2002). Introduction to Complex Systems. Available: http://www.calresco.org/intro.htm [Accessed on 12th January 2013] Lindvall, M. and Sandahl, K., "How Well do Experienced Software Developers Predict Software Change?," Journal of Systems and Software, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 19-27, 1998. Rocha, L.M. (1999). Complex Systems Modeling: Using Metaphors From Nature in Simulation and Scientific Models. Los Alamos : Los Alamos National Laboratory . 70 Version 2 CSE IIT, Kharagpur Retrieved from: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_a_waterfall_model http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Where_iterative_model_is_used Software Engineering Body of Knowledge http://www.computer.org/portal/web/swebok/htmlformat http://redwood.mza.com/~dhutchins/papers/evolution.pdf http://www.life123.com/technology/computer-software/software-types/software-evolution.shtml
Adapt to externalities. Correct evaluation, however additional analysis is required. The IT department needs to collaborate with the business to better understand how organization changes impact applications and systems. Moreover, IT needs to strengthen the IT-business alignment to stay abreast of future changes. One methodology that may assist here is business architecture, a blueprint of the business that supports aligning strategic objectives and tactical demands.
Some of the testing at the unit level would be White Box testing. Making sure that different parts of processes or objects were executing properly during state transitions. It would look at the accuracy of logical operations for financial transactions and functions such as keeping double booking of appointment times from occurring.
Dodger was being sent off to Australia, he got caught for stealing. Fagin freaked out, he was thinking that Dodger would rat them out and it would be over for them. Soon after Fagin got the news, Monks showed up… He wanted Charley out of the room. He was about to tell him what Nancy did. Bill flipped out, thinking that she turned against him. He went to go find Nancy. On the way to find her, everyone got out of his way; nobody wanted his attention. He asked everyone if they have seen her and they all said “no.” Then, Bill found Nancy… Seconds later there was a loud scream. Everyone ran to see what happened and saw Nancy’s lifeless body with Bill running away. People chased after Bill, he went to Fagin’s place asking for money to get away.
article # 1 it gives you tips on what to do if your computer is not turning on. I learned that sometimes the USP and others are not plugged in the right way and sometimes people can trip over to make them unplug a little. My mom has a computer and her computer never turns on so she checks if her cords are plugged in properly and it turns on.
From 2011 and onward, my family had fallen into bankruptcy for paying out of pocket for my older brother’s medical expenses and surgery costs due to his diagnosis of heart failure. In 2013, when I took the standardized ACT exam two times, I scored both times an 18 which was below my university’s 2014 entering freshmen class’s composite score average of 24.5 (copy of score report is attached). Furthermore, upon taking the LSAT two times with over four months of self-studying for the September exam, I scored first a 141, and a 140 on my last attempt. When taking both examinations, I have not been able to afford tutoring pertaining to the exams or a preparation course. Although I have worked numerous jobs during the past few years in college,
In this essay, I will be exploring different ways on how ‘addition’ can be taught in Year 2 and how they link to the National Curriculum; looking at the best mental approaches that a child should take. I will then progress by exploring a particular calculation in extra detail, evaluating ways to teach how to solve the problem and use ‘manipulatives’ to support it.
It's important to gather information that is understandable by your students. The procces of gathering evendce in childrens learning can make a huge difference. there are many different kinds of assesments that help you as a teacher better educate your students. your lessons plans and what you teacer is very important to what they understand and how they learn.
Controlled Requirement Expression (CORE) was developed for the British Aerospace programs while the UK Ministry of Defence was carrying out a requirement analysis (Hull et al., 2010). The fundamental component of the CORE methodology is viewpoints as different users see systems in different ways. There are many different stakeholders involved in a system; using CORE methodology involves finding all the different viewpoints of those stakeholders that have an interest in the system whether it’s a person, role or organisation ext.… (Sommerville and Sawyer, 2000). By organising viewpoints hierarchy it assists experts to read the scope and supports the analysis process. CORE Methodology is extensively used for real time system requirements specification.
The moral philosophy best describes my personal decision making is virtue ethics (Ferrell, Fraedrich, & Ferrell, 2013). It best description of me as virtual ethics having exceptional moral character (Ferrell, Fraedrich, & Ferrell, 2013). My character displays honesty, integrity, and helpfulness (Ferrell, Fraedrich, & Ferrell, 2013). For example, a friend attempted to commit suicide as a result of a wife asking for a divorce through email (Ferrell, Fraedrich, & Ferrell, 2013). However, while working I received a phone call from him stating his desire not to live anymore (Ferrell, Fraedrich, & Ferrell, 2013). Meanwhile, I called his son to ensure that he wasn’t alone however, his son drove to the house and found his father sitting and with a
After the systems planning is complete, the next course of action is the systems analysis phase. This phase includes defining the requirements of the system. This means that the team must conclude what the system needs to do in order to satisfy the users. This is done by forming a requirements...
7.3 MODULE TESTING: Module Testing is a process of testing the system, module by module. It includes the various inputs given, outputs produced and their correctness. By testing in this method we would be very clear of all the bugs that have occurred. In this testing each and every concepts are taken and their respective tcl files are checked for errors by running it.
This paper has the intention to explain what Rational Unified Process (RUP) is like an IBM product and a CASE tool. After is explained what phases it has, what are the most common extensions thus what are its workflows more used. The Rational Unified Process (RUP) is a software design method created by the Rational Software Corporation and now is part of IBM developer software. This paper describes how to deploy software effectively. The Rational Unified Process (RUP) use commercially proven techniques, and is a heavy weight process, and hence particularly applicable to larger software development teams working on large projects.
Within the analysis phase a set of goals are needed within the domain. From this there are three perspectives which are taken; the object model the Ronald LeRoi Burback (1998) states “dynamic model, and a functional model. The object model represents the artifacts of the system. The dynamic model represents the interaction between these artifacts represented as events, states, and transitions. The functional model represents the methods of the system from the perspective of data flow.” After the analysis phase the system design phase takes place. Here the system is sub-categorized and appointed tasks and persistent data storage is established, also within this phase the architecture is formed. Lastly the object design phase starts and is where the implementation plan is established and algorithms and object classes are also
Software development follows a specific life cycle that starts with designing a solution to a problem and implementing it. Software testing is part of this software life cycle that involves verifying if each unit implemented meets the specifications of the design. Even with careful testing of hundreds or thousands of variables and code statements, users of software find bugs. “Software testing is arguably the least understood part of the development process” and is also a “time-consuming process that requires technical sophistication and proper planning” (Whittaker 71) It is important to comprehend this concept by understanding the different characteristics and aspects of software testing, and then to examine the techniques, procedures and tools used to apply this concept. This will enable the user to realize the problems faced by software testers and the importance of software testing.
It permits the tester to construct their own test cases directly from the software application