The American College of Sports Medicine defined fitness in 1990 by stating that
physical fitness is “a set of attributes that people have or achieve.” (Cited in Dalgleish
et al 2001)
This set of attributes can be further defined as cardiovascular fitness, muscular
endurance, muscle strength, muscle endurance, motor skills and flexibility.
Cardiovascular fitness involves the heart and lungs supplying the required
volume of oxygen to the working muscles.
Muscular endurance is the number of contractions or the length of time a
muscle can contract before fatigue occurs.
Muscle strength is the maximum amount of force a muscle can generate in one
contraction.
Motor skills is a general term, which covers co-ordination, speed, balance and power.
Flexibility is the range of motion (ROM) in a joint or in a series of joints.
Flexibility is improved by stretching connective tissues, muscles and other soft tissue
around a joint. Stretching exercises can be divided into different categories depending
on the way the muscles and surrounding tissues are stretched. These forms of
stretching are static stretching, dynamic stretching, ballistic stretching and
proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF). This report will define why athletes
stretch and review current literature on each form of stretching and conclude from
research which form is the most effective form of stretching.
BENEFITS OF STRETCHING
Stretching in sport was only used to warm athletes up before an event and cool
them down after the event. Stretching was not used as a part of an athletes training
programme until the benefits of stretching were recognised. Sigerseth (1971 cited in
Elliot & Mester 1999) suggested that skilled performances could be improved by
increasing the ROM around various joints. Performance can be improved due to
stretching in three ways.
If range of motion is increased especially in throwing and racquet sports, more
force or velocity can be produced. This is possible as this increases in ROM allows
the throwing distance to increase and longer period of time in which force can be
produced. This results in the speed of the racquet, bat or object being increased, which
allows a more powerful, throw, kick or hit to occur. Examples of sports where this
occurs is tennis, cricket, baseball and golf. Jobe and Moynes (1986 cited in Elliot and
Mester 1999) Studied golfers and found that the higher skilled golfers had twice the
range of trunk rotation compared to golfers of lesser skill.
Athletes who compete in sports where performance is judged on the aesthetics
By getting to this power point it leaves the maximum potential energy. That potential energy is put into kinetic energy and the ball is thrown, ...
Schultz, D. P., & Schultz, S. E. (2013). Theories of personality (10th ed.). Belmont, CA: Cengage/Wadsworth.
The game of baseball has several elements of motion to it – throwing, catching, hitting, running – but I’ve chosen to focus on the physics involved in hitting a baseball. To a spectator, the exchange is simple: the pitcher throws the baseball, an opposing batter tries to hit the ball. Even to an athlete, the process is not one of thought, but of instinct and action. However, in actuality, the laws of physics dictate everything that will occur from the moment the baseball leaves the pitcher’s hand. Even the very familiar equipment o...
After Allport, came along two psychologists, Raymond Cattell and Hans Eysenck, who each formulated their own theories regarding traits. Their theories have been the subjects of considerable research in the world of psychology. Cattell seemed to focus on far too many traits, while Eysenck seemed to focus on too few. As a result, psychologists have combined the two theories to make one satisfactory theory (Cherry), called “The Big Five Factors” (Myers). They are: conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion. These five factors merge to create the human personality (Cherry). Where people fall into these factors s...
The background of athletic training started way back in ancient Greece. Back then they believed massage was very important, especially to the people that pla...
The summation of force helps you with your performance in sport. This method aids your actions amidst the game, and improves your hits, throws and pushes by joining all your energy from your muscles
Second, the force providing the change in motion is primarily the result of a rapid change in acceleration of the objects involved (assuming the players’ individual masses remain constant.) If we are to a...
Sollod, R., Wilson J., & Monte C. (2009.). Beneath the mask: An introduction to theories of personality (8th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Most people believe that all Alligators and crocodiles live in the Everglades region in Florida, as it is a really well-known place for each to reside, but they do not even live next to one another in most instances. The environment that alligators and crocodiles live in is very
Corbin, C. (2013), Concepts of Physical Fitness: Active Lifestyles for Wellness, McGraw-Hill Higher Education Publishing
Flexibility is the amount of movement your joints can move. Stretching is the key to maintaining good flexibility. As you get older, your tendons begin to shorten and tighten, restricting your flexibility. By the time you hit your mid-twenties, your bones begin to harden and your joints have already set in place. This is not bad in any way. It also means that you’re less likely to have any dislocated joints throughout your life. However, your movement becomes slower and not as smooth. You find it much more difficult to do co...
McCrae RR, Costa PT., Jr . The Five-Factor theory of personality. In: John OP, Robins RW, Pervin LA, editors. Handbook of personality: Theory and Research. 3rd ed. New York: Guilford Press; 2008. pp. 159–181.
Costa, P. r., & McCrae, R. R. (1988). From catalog to classification: Murray's needs and the five-factor model. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 55(2), 258-265. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.55.2.258
Feist, J., & Feist, G. J. (2009). Theories of Personality, Seventh Edition. Retrieved from http://ecampus.phoenix.edu/content/eBook
The changes of educational policies in Brazil can be examined by looking at the many different parties that have taken over Brazil throughout the years. During the time of the Old Republic, there was a strong relationship of clientelism and agrarian oligarchies. The result of this oligarchy created diverse educational policies that only benefited the elite. However, at the end of the Old Republic and beginning of the Vargas era, Vargas was mainly interested in industrialization and modernization, with education falling behind his true interests. After the end of the Vargas era and the beginning of the Fourth Republic, there was a strong increase of educational backwardness. Under the leadership of president Jucelino Kubitscheck, Brazil’s primary funding went towards energy, transportation, industry, and education, with education only receiving around 3% of total investments. Briefly in 1964, Brazil was apart of a military dictatorship. During this time, education was seen as an important part of the development program, however, there was no funding towards secondary education. This lack of funding contributed to the division among social classes. The lack of funding towards secondary education only affected those of lower income while the rich continued to progress in their education, receiving higher-paying jobs. It is evident that throughout the years the best interests of citizens of Brazil have not been taken to heart, with those in power taking advantage of average