Microcontroller Essay

A microcontroller can be described as a computer on a single IC including a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. Program memory as NOR flash or OTP ROM is likewise frequently included on chip, and a normally small amount of RAM. Microcontrollers are intended for embedded systems, rather than the microprocessors which are utilized for PCs or other universally useful applications.

Microcontrollers are utilized as a part of auto controlled items and gadgets, for example, auto motor control frameworks , remote controls, office machines, apparatuses, force instruments, toys and other installed frameworks. By lessening the size and expense contrasted with an outline that uses a separate chip, memory, and input/output gadgets, microcontrollers make it prudent to digitally control significantly more gadgets and methods. Mixed signal microcontrollers are basic, coordinating simple segments required to control non-computerized electronic frameworks.

A few microcontrollers may utilize four-bit words and work at clock rate frequencies as low as 4 khz, for low power utilization (single-digit milliwatts or microwatts).

Microcontroller Families

Microcontrollers can be classified as:

• 8051 - 8 bit micro dependent upon CISC building design ( Complex Instruction Set Computer)

• PIC - 8 bit micro dependent upon RISC building design ( Reduced Instruction Set Computer)

• AVR - 8 bit micro dependent upon RISC building design ( Reduced Instruction Set Computer)

There are likewise 16 bit and 32 bit micros from the same Family. According to the date of invention, 8051 is the progenitor ( date of conception = 1985), next cam PIC s and after that came the AVRs.

Its key to take in 8051 to have the ability to take in ...

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...tb.7

E = Portb.3

Rs = Portb.2

• Db4 to Db7: Data Busses of LCD

• E: Enable pin of LCD

• RS: Register Select

ATMEGA16 MICROCONTROLLER:

The ATmega16 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller made from the AVR enhanced RISC architecture. It can execute powerful instructions in a single clock cycle and can gain throughputs upto 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system designers to minimize power consumption and gain processing speed. ATmega 16L consists of 40-pin IC and belongs to the mega of AVR family.

Features and architecture of ATmega 16:

Features of Atmega16 include:

• 16KB of Flash memory

• 1KB of SRAM

• 512 Bytes of EEPROM

• Available in 40-Pin DIP

• 8-Channel 10-bit ADC

• Two 8-bit Timers/Counters

• One 16-bit Timer/Counter

• 4 PWM Channels

• In System Programmer (ISP)

• Serial USART

• SPI Interface

• Digital to Analog Comparator.

• Watchdog timer