System architecture and design of the system of an SoC is the most important parts to be considered when developing system-on-chip applications.
High density system integration, …….
Embedded computers typically have tight constraints on both functionality and implementation. In particular, they must guarantee real time operation reactive to external events, conform to size and weight limits, budget power and cooling consumption, satisfy safety and reliability requirements, and meet tight cost targets
A. Typical Architecture of SoC
Architecture of a system (SoC) is one of the key aspect that determine s its performance, functionality and the success of the system itself. Factor that most affects the SoC architecture is its target domain, which determines what components are going to be integrated into the chip and those who should be placed outside the chip. The system architecture denotes the system-level building blocks, such as processors and memories, and the interconnection between them. A generic architecture of an SoC, shown in figure 2, consist of several components such as :
• CPU Cores, Microprocessor
CPU Cores on SoC platform acting as the key element of the system. CPU Cores is basically used as central processing unit of SoC. It’s possible (and actually become a trend in modern SoC architectures and design) to have more than 1 CPU Cores inside one single chip. This systems is called multiprocessor system on chip (MPSoC)—include more than one processor core.
• Memory blocks
SOC applications usually have varying memory requirements. Memory structure can be residing entirely inside the chip in one case, and for another case the memory system might support an elaborate operating system requiring a large off-chip m...
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... SoC, such as processors, memories, accelerators, and peripherals. This architectural model is often referred as parallel architecture model.
2) Heterogeneous Architectural
This architecture is composed of processing element with different types, such as one or several general purpose processor, DSP, Video Processing, peripherals. Heterogeneous architecture is used for applications with complex block diagrams and using multiple algorithms.
The heterogeneous approach offers the best performance with efficient power consumption, while homogeneous architecture offers higher degree of flexibility and scalable, but with less power efficient. Due to their good performance, efficient power consumption heterogeneous approaches are mostly used for portable systems applications, while homogeneous approaches are commonly used for video games consoles, wireless base stations.
The processor is the factory floor of the computer; it’s recipient of all the instructions and then processes them. It conveys the instructions of a computer program by performing rudimentary arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the system.
Xinu currently operates a wide array of devices including the DEC PDP-11, Motorola(R) 68000, Intel(R) x86, and MIPS IV architectures. Porting Xinu to a scaled-down alternative architecture is advantageous for a number of reasons. First, diversification of the hardware will make the transition to Embedded Xinu easier which is especially true for colleges and universities that already employ AVR processors in other course work. Next, the 8-bit Arduino Mega from ATMEL(R) provides several unique and interesting challenges. The AVR is disparate from all other platforms that Xinu presently operates on.
Field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are programmable logic devices that can be configured by the end-user to implement virtually any digital circuit. This is made possible because of the programmable nature of their logic and routing resources. In this paper we intend to discuss about the architecture of the FPGA which has helped in achieving this programmability. The programmable logic and routing interconnect of FPGAs makes them flexible and general purpose but at the same time it makes them larger, slower and more Power consuming than standard cell ASICs. Hence power consumption, its causes and few techniques to minimize the power consumptions are also discussed.
A microprocessor, as the term has come to be known, is a general- purpose digital computer central processing unit (CPU).
If there is one piece of technology in this world today that has been through thousands of revolutions and evolutions in the past several decades, it is the computer. The basis of all computers is the microprocessor, which is integrated on the motherboard which functions as the computer's nucleus or brain. The microprocessor has evolved heavily since Intel's discovery of the 4004 in 1971 to the present Pentium III class processors. Even today, the speed, complexity, versatility, and efficiency of processors are enhancing at a lightning fast pace.
Operating system design goals and requirements are divided into two groups. What are these two groups?
The debate over whether or not the design|architecture} design or the CISC architecture is best has been occurring for several years. whether or not design|architecture} design with its tiny however economical instruction set or the CISC architecture with its massive and straightforward to use instruction set is best has been arduous to work out. during a time once new chips ar free nearly monthly, corporations wish to create certain they need the sting over the competition. they require their chips to be designed with speed in mind. several chips have used either the Reduced Instruction Set pc or the advanced Instruction Set pc since the start of the pc era however whether or not one is best has ne'er been a clear-cut issue. They each have strengths and weaknesses. we tend to ar progressing to discuss the advantages and downsides of every design and verify that is that the higher design.
The central unit is the basic part of the computer and includes all the main computer parts. It is the heart of the computer system. It is responsible for executing, or running the software. The software programs are translated into a series of codes made up of 1s to 0s that the CPU can understand. Every code means a certain operation should take place.
The microprocessor has changed our lives in so many ways that it is difficult to recall how different things were before its invention. During the 1960's, computers filled many rooms. Their expensive processing power was available only to a few government labs, research universities, and large corporations. Intel was founded on July 18,1968 by engineers, Gordon Moore, Robert Noyce, Andrew Grove, and Arthur Rock. Rock became Chairman, Moore was President, Noyce was Executive Vice President in charge of product development and worked with Moore on long range planning, and Grove headed manufacturing. The purpose of the new company was to design and manufacture very complex silicon chips using large-scale integration (LSI) technology. Moore and Grove's vision was to make Intel the leader in developing even more powerful microprocessors and to make Intel-designed chips the industry standard in powering personal computers. Moore and Noyce wanted to seek Intel because they wanted to regain the satisfaction of research and development in a small growing company. Although the production of memory chips was starting to become a commodity business in the late 1960's, Moore and Noyce believed they could produce chip versions of their own design that would perform more functions at less cost for the customer and thus offer a premium price. Intel's unique challenge was to make semiconductor memory functional. Semiconductor memory is smaller in size, provides great performance, and reduces energy consumption. This first started when Japanese manufacturer Busicom asked Intel to design a set of chips for a family of high-performance programming calculators. Intel's engineer, Ted Hoff, rejected the proposal and i...
System units are commonly mistaken as the Central Processing unit (CPU). System units sometimes called “computer chassis”, “base units” or “Tower cases” however are simply the housing for the integral parts of a computer. System units usual house all components of a computer excluding the monitor, Keyboard and mouse. System Units are a very simple component of the computer because they do none of the actual computing. They are usually just a square or rectangular prism made of some type of plastic or metal that hold all of the vital parts of a computer in a secure manner. Other than that there is not much to be said about the system unit.
It’s prime role is to process data with speed once it has received instruction. A microprocessor is generally advertised by the speed of the microprocessor in gigahertz. Some of the most popular chips are known as the Pentium or Intel-Core. When purchasing a computer, the microprocessor is one of the main essentials to review before selecting your computer. The faster the microprocessor, the faster your data will process, when navigating through the software.
Each type of central processing unit is designed to understand a specific group of instructions called the instruction set. This set has an architecture known as instruction set architecture (ISA). An instruction set architecture (ISA) is the interface between the computer's software and hardware and also can be viewed as the programmer's view of the machine. It defines the codes that a central processor reads and acts upon. An interface is a shared boundary across which two separate components of a computer
Central processing unit (CPU), Random Access Memory (Ram) for short term data storage and program execution, Basic input / output system (BIOS), Buses: PCI bus, PCI-E or ACP bus, USB, CD, DVD, Floppy disk, Internal storage, This just a mention of a few of the features of course there are many more parts that comprise the hardware.
In designing a computer system, architects consider five major elements that make up the system's hardware: the arithmetic/logic unit, control unit, memory, input, and output. The arithmetic/logic unit performs arithmetic and compares numerical values. The control unit directs the operation of the computer by taking the user instructions and transforming them into electrical signals that the computer's circuitry can understand. The combination of the arithmetic/logic unit and the control unit is called the central processing unit (CPU). The memory stores instructions and data.
It improves the average memory access time by 16.9% and decreases the power consumption by 15.2%. Whereas the architecture with DRAM reduced the average memory access time 2%, this is not that good but shows a large decreasing in the power consumption 33%. PRAM is the worst between them. Whereas it perform good when cache capacity is small but it still the worst memory access time, although its power consumption is the least it doesn’t suitable to be as a cache memory [4].