Introduction Mergers and acquisitions immediately impact organizations with changes in ownership, in ideology, and eventually, in practice. There are multiple reasons, motives, economic forces and institutional factors that can, taken together or in isolation, influence corporate decisions to engage in mergers or acquisitions. The financial risks of merging with or acquiring an organization in another country and how those risks can be mitigated are important issues for corporations to conduct research on. This paper will examine the sensible and dubious reasons for mergers and acquisitions and the benefits and costs of the cash and stock transactions. Mergers and Acquisitions According to Florida Incorporation, a merger is the statutory combination of two or more corporations in which one of the corporations survives and the other corporations cease to exist. An acquisition is obtaining control of another corporation by purchasing all or a majority of its outstanding shares, or by purchasing its assets (Florida Incorporation, 2006). According to Gilles McDougall, the reasons for mergers and acquisitions are numerous and include: · To diversify or expand markets; · To acquire particular production technologies; · To take advantage of work forces with particular skills; or · To benefit from "good opportunities" to take over a corporation. Over the last few years, the pressures emanating from international competition, financial innovation, economic growth and expansion, heightened political and economic integration, and technological change have all contributed to the increased pace of mergers and acquisitions. Cash and Stock Transactions There are several options available for companies looking to acquire a foreign co... ... middle of paper ... ...n July 9th, 2006 from http://www.florida-incorporation.com/glossary.html Investopedia. (2006). Foreign Exchange Risk. Retrieved on July 9th, 2006 from http://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/foreignexchangerisk.asp Investopedia. (2006). Translation Exposure. Retrieved on July 9th, 2006 from http://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/translationexposure.asp Investopedia. (2006). Economic Exposure. Retrieved on July 9th, 2006 from http://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/economicexposure.asp McDougall, Gilles. (1995). The Economic Impact of Mergers and Acquisitions on Corporations. Retrieved on July 9th, 2006 from http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/internet/ineas-aes.nsf/vwapj/wp04e.pdf/$FILE/wp04e.pdf Week 5 Lecture. (2006). FIN 325 Mergers, Acquisitions, and International Finance. Retrieved from rEsource on July 7th, 2006 from https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/resource/resource.asp
Berk, J., & DeMarzo, P. (2011). Corporate finance: The core, second edition. (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Prentice Hall.
Chang, S. Suk, D. Failed takeovers, methods of payment, and bidder returns, Financial Review. 33 (2), May 1998.
A merger is a partial or total combination of two separate business firms and forming of a new one. There are predominantly two kinds of mergers: partial and complete. Partial merger usually involves the combination of joint ventures and inter-corporate stock purchases. Complete mergers are results in blending of identities and the creation of a single succeeding firm. (Hicks, 2012, p 491). Mergers in the healthcare sector, particularly horizontal hospital mergers wherein two or more hospitals merge into a single corporation, are increasing both in frequency and importance. (Gaughan, 2002). This paper is an attempt to study the impact of the merger of two competing healthcare organization and will also attempt to propose appropriate clinical and managerial interventions.
Two different phenomena are described by the term merger and acquisition. A merger is a combination of two corporations in which only one survives and the merged corporation goes out of existence. It is a unification of two or more firms into a new one and thus characteri-zed by the fact that after unification there are fewer firms than before. On the contrary can the target firm after an acquisition either remain autonomous or be partially and/or wholly integrated into the new parent company. However, from a legal point of view the firms remain independent entities.
It is proper to present a business definition of merger as it found on legal reference with the ultimate goal in the pursuing of an explanation on which this paper intents to present. A merger in accordance with the textbook is legally defined as a contractual and statuary process in which the (surviving corporation) acquires all the assets and liabilities of another corporation (the merged corporation). The definition go even farther to involve and clarify about what happen to shares by explaining the following; “the shareholders of the merged corporation either are paid for their share or receive the shares of the surviving corporation”. But in simple terms is my attempt to define as the product or birth of a corporation on which typically extends its operation by combining with another corporation. So from two on existence corporations in the process it gets absorbed into becomes one entity. The legal definition also implied more than meet the eye. The terms contractual and statuary, it implied a process on which contracts and statuary measures emerge as measures to regulate, standardized, governing or simply at times may complicate whole process. These terms provide an explicit umbrella and it becomes as part of the agreement formulating or promoting a case for contracts to be precedent, enforced or regulated in a now or in the future under a court of law under the Contract Business Law Statue of Practice. As for what happens to the shares of the involved corporations no more explanation is needed as the already actions mentioned clearly stated of the expectations of a merge’s share involvement.
Jharkharia, S. (2012). Supply chain issues in mergers and acquisitions: A case from Indian aviation industry. International Journal of Aviation Management,1(4), 293-303.
As the business, people put it, to maximize the wealth of shareholders (Peavler, 2016). This could be done by pursuing more of an immediate reason that will realize the shareholders wealth maximization goal. However, this main reason may fail to be realized as most mergers depict negative results.
SUDARSANAM, S. (1995) The essence of mergers and acquisitions. Hemel Hempstead: Prentice Hall International, p.1.
Loos, N. (2006). Value creation in leveraged buyouts: Analysis of factors driving private equity investment performance. Wiesbaden: Deutscher Universitäts Verlag.
Mergers mean two or more companies combining together to form one business or firm. There are six different types of mergers: Horizontal, Vertical, Conglomerate, Market extension, Product Extension and Diversified activity.
...titive effects. Third, the Agency assesses whether entry would be timely, likely and sufficient either to deter or to counteract the competitive effects of concern. Fourth, the Agency assesses any efficiency gains that reasonably cannot be achieved by the parties through other means. Finally the Agency assesses whether, but for the merger, either party to the transaction would be likely to fail, causing its assets to exit the market. The process of assessing market concentration, potential adverse competitive effects, entry, efficiency and failure is a tool that allows the Agency to answer the ultimate inquiry in merger analysis: whether the merger is likely to create or enhance market power or to facilitate its exercise.
Chaurasiya, K. and Profile, V. 2010. Advantages and disadvantages of acquisition | business management strategy. [online] Available at: http://businessofaccouting.blogspot.co.uk/2010/04/advantages-and-disadvantages-of.html [Accessed: 8 Mar 2014].
The first two do not require the acquired business unit to be connected with the existing units; the second two depend on connection. Although the concepts are not always mutually exclusive, the way in which they generate value for the corporation is different for each. The portfolio management balances current business activities with new industry acquisitions. Its success is undervalued acquisition meets attractiveness and COE test. The challenges are: increased capital market competition, need for industry specific knowledge, and growth of the company and diversity. The restructuring seeks underdeveloped or sick companies and industries. Its successes are: utilize and pass the three tests and ability to find undervalued companies with growth potential. Its challenges are: restructurer exposed to more risk, time limit for success, hold onto a restructured company, and growing depletion of restructuring pool with increased competition. The transfer of skills involves activities important to competitive advantage. With transferring skills, business activities are similar enough that sharing knowledge would be meaningful. However, skills must be useful to key business activities and must be beyond competitors’ capabilities. The ability to share activities has been a potent basis for corporate strategy because sharing often enhances
Firstly it must be mentioned that despite the fact that mergers and acquisitions are regarded as the same process, they are not exactly the same. Shcraeder and Self (2003) argue that mergers are the consolidation of two organisations into one; while acquisitions are the purchase of one organization from another where the acquirer maintains control. Porter and Singh (2010) state that synergy, agency and hubris are the main motives of mergers and acquisitions. Seth et al (2000) argue that the synergy motive suggests that the object of the acquisition is to create a firm greater than the sum of the value of the individual firms. Both the managers of target and acquirer firms act in the best interest of their respective shareholders, with the basic principle to maximize their wealth via economic gains. The agency motive proposes that the mana...
A merger is a contract to bond two prevailing companies in to one company. There are several types of mergers and also several motives why companies complete mergers. Most mergers hitch two existing companies in to one newly named company. Mergers and acquisitions are commonly done to swell a company reach, expand into new segments or gain market share. All of these are done to please shareholders and create value. In a merger the BOD of the two companies approve the grouping and seek shareholders’ approval, after merger the acquired company ends to exist and becomes part of the acquiring company.