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How we can improve memory easily
How we can improve memory easily
How we can improve memory easily
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The title of the article I choose to write about is “Memory suppression can help people “unlearn” behavioral responses- but only for non-emotional memories.” The focus of the research article was to examine whether employing memory suppression can help individuals train their brains to forget behavioral responses associated with intrusive thoughts. I found this article interesting to read because I think that it is a motivating concept to be able to suppress unwanted memories from the brain that could cause an individual mental agony. More in-depth, I think it is an interesting thought to be able to training your brain to do such an amazing and beneficially mental practice. The Literature Review section of this paper explained past research used to teach participants to exclude unwanted memories from their mind by eliminating the memories awareness using what is known as a think/no-think (TNT) paradigm. There were two hypotheses presented in this study. The first one explored if holding in unwanted memories would hold back an individual’s behavioral actions that followed a memory. The second hypothesis explored the effects of undesirable emotions. The researchers had the participants’ complete three parts of the experiment: the learning phase, the TNT phase and the final memory phase. In the learning phase, the participants were presented forty eight object image pairs and asked to recall them. The participants were asked to learn a behavioral response for each item. The participants were then shown one of the forty eight objects and asked to press a key indicating left or right depending on the strength of the associated picture. After this, participants were then shown the correct related picture for two seconds as response. ... ... middle of paper ... ...tive therapy and some mental exercise. Although the results to this study did not support that memories triggered emotional response were suppressed behaviorally through complete the experiment, I believe that this study lays a good foundation to lead to this helpful solution for many individuals suffering from intrusive thoughts. I think a nest step would be to survey a larger participant pool and to see if there is a way to enhance to experiment to maybe add in being able to suppress behavioral response to emotional memories, effectively helping to remove some stress on those who suffer from intrusive thoughts due to cognitive disorders. References Sakaki, M., Kuhbandner, C., Mather, M., & Pekrun, R. (2014). Memory suppression can help people 'unlearn' behavioral responses—But only for nonemotional memories. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 21(1), 136-141.
False memories being created is obvious through many different ways, such as eye-witness testimonies and past experiments that were conducted, however repression is an issue that has many baffled. There seems to be little evidence on the factual basis of repressed memories, and many argue that it does not exist. The evidence for repression in laboratories is slowly emerging, but not as rapidly as the evidence for false memories. It has been hard to clinically experiment with repressed memories because most memories are unable to be examined during the actual event to corroborate stories. Experimenters are discovering new ways to eliminate this barrier by creating memories within the experiment’s initial phase. This is important for examining the creation of false memories during the study phase. This research study will explore the differences between recovered memories and false memories through research and experiments. Other terms and closely related terms will be discussed, while examining any differences, in relation to repressed memories. The possibility of decoding an actual difference between recovered memories and false memories, through biological techniques. Because false memories can be created, examining these creations in a laboratory setting can shed light on facts overlooked. Exploring these issues will also help with the development of better therapeutic techniques for therapists in dealing with memories. This can lead to an easier process for patients and therapists if they must go through the legal system in relation to an uncovered memory.
The false memory and recovered memory literature is marked by controversy. It examines the phenomenon a variety of patients have exhibited: purportedly “losing” memories of trauma, only to recover them later in life (Gavlick, 2001). In these cases, temporary memory loss is attributed to psychological causes (i.e. a traumatic event) rather than known damage to the brain (Gavlick, 2001). While some assert that the creation of false memories through therapeutic practice is a serious concern and founded associations like the False Memory Syndrome Foundation (FMSF) in the U.S. and the British False Memory Society (BFMS) in order to advocate against psychological malpractice, other researchers contend that the evidence for “false memory syndrome,” or the recovery of untrue memories, is weak (Brewin & Andrews, 1998; Pope, 1996). The debate arose largely in the 1990s, though a consensus in the literature still has not been reached.
Interference in memory recall can be affected by nutrition deficiencies and stress. Korsakoff’s syndrome which is as a result of a lack of vitamin B1 or thiamine, does adversely affect memory in some patients with alcoholism (Carlson, 2010). Stress has also been found to interfere with recall in people when faced with the stress of surviving a natural disaster. Usually Korsakoff’s syndrome is found in older patients who have drunk alcohol for decades, but the thiamine deficiency can cause cognitive impairments in younger patients also (Terry, 2009).
Answers to these questions are complex and incomplete. As an anxiety disorder, PTSD has its foundations in fear and "emotional memory." Like factual memory, emotional memory also involves the storage and recall of events and details; this has been termed the explicit or conscious memory (2). Emotional memory, though, has a second, distinct component. This facet, t...
Imagine having a memory of a very traumatic event resurface in your mind after forgetting about it for twenty years. That is what happened to Eileen Franklin in 1989 when she had recovered what is called a repressed memory of her father, George Franklin, killing her friend in 1969, which eventually lead to her father getting a sentence of life in prison (Beaver, 1996). A repressed memory is a memory that is not forgotten, but is a memory of something traumatic that is blocked and not recovered unless triggered by something. Although her descriptions of the event were very vivid, describing colors and sounds, most of what she described could be proven inaccurate. Some of what she described was information that was misreported in newspapers that she had probably read or been told about in the past. This is an example of the misinformation effect. Misinformation effect is when someone is misled by information about an event that they witnessed and has an effect on how they remember that event later. This is just one example of how the misinformation effect can change how an event is described.
Repressed memory is the involuntary block on a memory considered to be extremely stressful and appalling in nature. It is theorized that repressed memory is a form of amnesia that is not associated with typical forgetfulness in a person. When a person experiences something extremely severe in nature, such as childhood sexual abuse for example, their mind sometimes refuses to remember that event because it is so painful to recall. In some cases events of extreme trauma, often during adulthood such as post-traumatic stress, can actually cause a reverse effect and an increase in memorability. Some even believe that it is possible to repress memories voluntarily. It has been a topic that has eluded many psychologists today and has been thoroughly researched for the past century. This paper will explore different theories and ideas on whether or not repression is true or just another pseudo-science.
In the summary it is noted that “memory access was bias towards (a) mood-congruent, (b) recent and (c) distinctive (unusual) events” (Berntsen, 1996). Earlier I had looked into detail on the moods and distinctiveness of my memories. After looking closer, I noted that ten of the twelve memories had taken place in the last five years, with the other two happening six and ten years ago. The same literature discusses how involuntary memories can be used as a defense mechanism, and that “may help cover up disturbing, perceptual aspects of the current surroundings” (Berntsen, 1996). This would make a lot of sense when examining my negative memory, because it seems to be used as a warning for me to think of something else or look at something else. In a different piece of literature, repeated memories of traumatic events are discussed. I would consider my negative memory to be a traumatic event, since it made me physically sick. It also comes to mind involuntary often, when I see or think of something that could relate or look like it. This could be that it is way of “working through and coming to terms with the trauma” for me (Berntsen, 2008). Yet another piece of literature lines up with my experience, and it comes from a 1998 publication by Dorthe Berntsen. It is written that, “the results suggest that
Repression of memories is a controversial topic that has been argued for many years. Some support the myth and it has been imposed in cases to obtain legal convictions. Although researchers have found methods to refute the myth, individuals still believe they have repressed a memory of a traumatic event. This has recently taken place in 2007 in the Colorado vs. Marshall case. Marshall Adam Walker was accused of sexually assaulting a seventeen year-old who claimed that he made three boys pose nude for videos. He was sentenced to 24 years to life in prison. One of the boys claimed to recover a repressed memory of the event while watching a movie (“Legal cases (53), 2010”). This student’s claim made an influential impact on the perpetrator’s sentence. This reflects the power these accusations have had recently in the media and in criminal cases that involve a traumatic event such as sexual assault.
Farrants, J. (1998, September). The 'false' memory debate. Counseling Psychology Quarterly. Retrieved September 14, 2000 from ProQuest database (Bell & Howell Information and Learning-ProQuest) on the World Wide Web: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb
Retrieval inhibition is the phenomenon of selectively retrieving only some aspects of a memory while inhibiting recall of other aspects. In Chapter 7 Eyewitness Identification and Testimony, for example a “recall of a crime scene may be altered depending on how the eyewitness is initially questioned. In one laboratory study, people looked at slides of a student dorm room that had been burglarized. Experimenters later used selective questioning when asking about details of the crime scene. Although there were many textbooks in the picture of the room, experimenters asked only about particular types of sweatshirts. When questioned at a later time about what they saw, people tended to have good recall of the sweatshirts but poor recall of other objects, such as textbooks. Retrieving memories of sweatshirts made it more difficult to recall aspects of the scene about which no questions were initially asked.” (Costanzo
Belloch, A., Morillo, C., & Garcia-Soriano, G. (2009). Strategies to control unwanted intrusive thoughts: Which are relevant and specific in obsessive-compulsive disorder?. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 33(1), 75-89. Retrieved October 28, 2013, from the PILOTS: Published International Literature On Traumatic Stress database.
In daily life, memory is used all the time. When we go to buy things, we would remember the list of items what we are going to buy. At school, we would also need to have revision in order to remember the materials for examination. Or even, when we meet friends, we would also need to recall their names. Thus it is important to know and understand how we remember such things so that we can effectively recall them when necessary. Obviously, we do not need to remember the exact position or order of things in daily life. We would have our own pattern for remember and retrieve information (Ashcraft, 2010). This is named as free recall, which items recalled in any order (Francis, Neath, MacKewn and Goldthwaite, 2004). However, many researchers found that the probability of recalling items (such as words, letters, or numbers) does in fact depend on the items position in a list. The most striking finding is that words at the beginning and end of the list are often easier to recall than those words in the middle of the list. Thus, when the results of a free recall experiment are plotted on a graph; a u-shaped serial position curve can be obtained. This is often referred to as the serial position effect that is affecting our memory (Smith, n.d.).
Emotion can elicit false memories; past experiences can create ‘emotional’ experiences from trauma events. Some of these events may include seeing someone at gunpoint or seeing a building vandalized. These events may elicit emotion for an individual; they may not want to remember these
To start, as defined in John F Kihlstrom’s article,” Hypnosis, memory, and amnesia,” hypnosis is the social interaction between a subject and his hypnotist, where the subject acts on suggestions from the hypnotist for imaginative experiences involving alterations in cognition and voluntary action (Kihlstrom, 1). Hypnosis is one of the ways to help amnesia, but is not recommended as it offers more risks of distortion than chances of obtaining any useful information. The author states,” There is no question that hypnosis has the power to enhance memories by improving the mechanisms by which we create and retrieve them”(Kihlstrom, 2). Hypnosis can help amnesia out by having the subject go back into the past to discover certain events that they missed. Although it may not work or help, there is always the chance that it will help bring back memories and one day get rid of this disease. All in all, hypnosis is one out of the many ways that can help stop
Everyday people use social cognition as a tool to help them thrive in social world. There are many important aspects of social cognition that are helpful to us in making decisions and help us to interpret the world around us. An important aspect that is linked to social cognition is that of thought suppression. Thought suppression is when a person tries to force particular thoughts, memories or feelings out of their minds that may be unpleasant or may cause a great deal of stress for the individual. Many people are unaware how often we use thought suppression in our daily lives, but the truth is we use it in almost every aspect of our day.