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Effects of emotions on memory
Effects of emotions on memory
Effects of emotions on memory
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Involuntary memories come into consciousness without any attempt, and they happen all day long. Before taking the effort to record my own involuntary memories, I was unaware that there was a concept for them and that they happened as frequently as they do. Both internal and external aspects can cue an involuntary memory, and involuntary memories can range from extremely negative to extremely positive. My personal experience with recording involuntary memories showed a pattern between my emotional state at the time of the memory and the emotional state of the memory itself. It is shocking how often you can catch yourself having an involuntary memory when you are looking for them. Throughout the week of my recording of twelve memories, I had …show more content…
Sight cues came as no surprise to me, as I had assumed since the start that those would be the most prevalent. What was surprising to me was that I had a memory cued by a memory. Although I did not think it impossible, I had assumed that such a cue would not happen to me. I also noted the pattern of influence on my emotional state. Five memories influenced me positively, one negatively, and six did not influence me at all. The emotional content of the memories lined up about the same as the influence it had on my emotional state. The only part that came as a surprise to me was that some of my memories had no emotional content. I had assumed that all of the memories I would write down would have emotion to them and influence my emotion in some way. All of the memories I recorded were dealing with unusual events in my life, which suggests there is no correlation between my emotion and the unusualness of the memory. I found this interesting, as I thought the purpose of most of my involuntary memories would be of things I do often and that is why they would be remembered out of the blue. Based on what I recorded, the purpose of my involuntary memories seems to be to make sure I remember things I do not think about that …show more content…
In the summary it is noted that “memory access was bias towards (a) mood-congruent, (b) recent and (c) distinctive (unusual) events” (Berntsen, 1996). Earlier I had looked into detail on the moods and distinctiveness of my memories. After looking closer, I noted that ten of the twelve memories had taken place in the last five years, with the other two happening six and ten years ago. The same literature discusses how involuntary memories can be used as a defense mechanism, and that “may help cover up disturbing, perceptual aspects of the current surroundings” (Berntsen, 1996). This would make a lot of sense when examining my negative memory, because it seems to be used as a warning for me to think of something else or look at something else. In a different piece of literature, repeated memories of traumatic events are discussed. I would consider my negative memory to be a traumatic event, since it made me physically sick. It also comes to mind involuntary often, when I see or think of something that could relate or look like it. This could be that it is way of “working through and coming to terms with the trauma” for me (Berntsen, 2008). Yet another piece of literature lines up with my experience, and it comes from a 1998 publication by Dorthe Berntsen. It is written that, “the results suggest that
Steffens, M., & Mecklenbräuker, S. (2007). False memories: Phenomena, theories, and implications. Zeitschrift Für Psychologie/Journal Of Psychology, 215(1), 12-24. doi:10.1027/0044-3409.215.1.12
The film emphasizes on the power of our long-term memory and our episodic memories. Would we be happier if we forgot about traumatic past experiences? Or are our long-term memories so tangled up with emotions and sensations that our brain is unable to truly let go of long-term memories? The film also looks at the difference between explicit and implicit memories.
Repressed memory is the involuntary block on a memory considered to be extremely stressful and appalling in nature. It is theorized that repressed memory is a form of amnesia that is not associated with typical forgetfulness in a person. When a person experiences something extremely severe in nature, such as childhood sexual abuse for example, their mind sometimes refuses to remember that event because it is so painful to recall. In some cases events of extreme trauma, often during adulthood such as post-traumatic stress, can actually cause a reverse effect and an increase in memorability. Some even believe that it is possible to repress memories voluntarily. It has been a topic that has eluded many psychologists today and has been thoroughly researched for the past century. This paper will explore different theories and ideas on whether or not repression is true or just another pseudo-science.
An alternative view to this debate, are from practicing therapist who argue that most recovered memories are true, and that there is still some evidence to support the concept of repressed memories (Briere & Conte, 1993). They claim that traumatic memories such as sexual abuse tend to be different from ordinary memories because they are encoded in a way that prevents them from being accessible in everyday life. In addition, they argue that certain procedures during therapy are necessary in order to bring the repressed memories back into conscious awareness, and this is deemed necessary in order to help the patient recover. Despite these claims, there is little evidence to support the validity of reported cases of recovered memories, and most of the theories are mainly based on speculation rather than scientific evidence. However, there have been some cases in which a recovered memory did corresponded to an actual event that occurred. For example, an article by Freyd (1999), reported a case in which a man called Frank Fitzpatrick recovered memories of sexual abuse from childhood. Although this
False memory afflict everyone. People's memories are vulnerable to outside influence and may not be reliable. However, the exact reason why certain individuals tend to create false memories is unknown. Memory is the process in which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved. The storage stage entails that we maintain this information over periods of time. Retrieval is the calling back of this stored information. Malfunctions in one of these stages leads to memory disorder as well as issues such as false memories (Loftus, 2007). False memories are made when true memories are combined with details suggested by others. During the process individuals tend to forget the source of information. Most people experience false memories. However, the precise mechanisms by which such false memories are constructed await further research. It is also unknown exactly what types of individuals are particularly susceptible to these forms of suggestions and which are resistant (Loftus,2007). It has been found that tendency to produce false memories may be a task-specific characteristic of individuals meaning it is most likely caused by a certain characteristic a group of people share.. These false memories are created on the neural networks of the temporal
John Irving once said, “Your memory is a monster; you forget - it doesn't. It simply files things away. It keeps things for you, or hides things from you - and summons them to your recall with a will of its own. You think you have a memory; but it has you” (Brainy 1). Few people would ever consider memory a monster, but John Irving speaks the truth, at least in a sense. Think back to an early childhood memory. Perhaps the memory is extremely vague, or perhaps you can recall every single detail. That precious memory of a single moment in time seems so tangible, you can smell, see, and taste the things you did then. Your childhood memories are so dear and special that you will most likely remember them as long as you live.
One hundred and thirteen undergraduate and post-graduate students (80 female, 33 male) enrolled in the unit Cognitive psychology from the University of Canberra, participated in an experiment to test the theory of false memories. The students were given no incentive for participation in the study other than to gain knowledge for an upcoming assignment. The age of the participants ranged from 19 to 55 years (M= 25.77, SD= 8.78 years). The unit ‘Cognitive Psychology’ is a level 2 unit, it is assumed that all participating students already have some existing knowledge in psychology and are at least in their second year of university. There was no missing data in this experiment.
All memory is a reconstruction influenced by many factors present at either the moment of events or at the moment of recall. Numerous studies have uncovered that mood (Eich & Metcalf 1989), external cues (Godden & Baddeley 1975; Loftus 1975; Loftus & Hoffman 1989; Manier, Piers, Greenstein & Hirst 1992), and cognitive encoding strategies (Tulving & Thomson 1993; Johnson, Raye, Foley & Foley 1981) can change details of memory for ordinary and traumatic events
Memory is the tool we use to learn and think. We all use memory in our everyday lives. Memory is the mental faculty of retaining and recalling past experiences. We all reassure ourselves that our memories are accurate and precise. Many people believe that they would be able to remember anything from the event and the different features of the situation. Yet, people don’t realize the fact that the more you think about a situation the more likely the story will change. Our memories are not a camcorder or a camera. Our memory tends to be very selective and reconstructive.
I never realized that other people don’t notice the most obvious things. Personally, I just thought I was always daydreaming too much to notice and pay attention. Maybe I am, maybe I’m not. But even when im focused and concentrating, I can still miss crucial points in a situation. It’s a more common thing that many just don’t realize can happen. A meaningful quote from The Invisible Gorilla is “beware of memories accompanied by strong emotions and vivid details-they are just as likely to be wrong as mundane memories, but you’re far less likely to realize it” (Chabris and Simons, 79). I’m aware of how it easy it is to create false memories, whether it’s on purpose or accident. When the memories relates to to an emotional event, like a deth in the family, someone tryng to correct your false memory may anger you because of how sure you could be. The quote also reminds me how kids who may have had a traumatic childhood create false memories or wild fantasies when they’re older to try and cope with their poor
A repressed memory is the memory of a traumatic event that is pushed to the unconscious brain, where the individual who suffered from the event cannot reach without a form of therapy. The idea of memory repression has been controversial since the 19th century, when Sigmund Freud brought theories of repression to light. After conducting interviews and much research I am a firm believer that the idea of repressed memories is fabricated and holds no truth.
Memories are subject to many errors for many reasons. Similarities between two memories may cause errors. It can confuse two similar events into one. Certain memories can be the same conceptually. The commonality between three of my memories is pain. One particular memory triggered many more memories that were all associated with one common concept pain. Along with similarities, memories are associated with emotional residence.
According to Sternberg (1999), memory is the extraction of past experiences for information to be used in the present. The retrieval of memory is essential in every aspect of daily life, whether it is for academics, work or social purposes. However, many often take memory for granted and assume that it can be relied on because of how realistic it appears in the mind. This form of memory is also known as flashbulb memory. (Brown and Kulik, 1977). The question of whether our memory is reliably accurate has been shown to have implications in providing precise details of past events. (The British Psychological Association, 2011). In this essay, I would put forth arguments that human memory, in fact, is not completely reliable in providing accurate depictions of our past experiences. Evidence can be seen in the following two studies that support these arguments by examining episodic memory in humans. The first study is by Loftus and Pickrell (1995) who found that memory can be modified by suggestions. The second study is by Naveh-Benjamin and Craik (1995) who found that there is a predisposition for memory to decline with increasing age.
These examples of experiments show how greatly our memory and recollection is influenced by many factors. The creation of false memories is still being studied
I experienced one involuntary memory, which was texting my first boyfriend while sitting in a restaurant in the Wisconsin Dells. The reason I had this involuntary memory could be that it was an unusual event, and not something I never think about (Berntsen, 1996). The memory came to me without effort while I was writing down the initials of my boyfriends on the life calendar. All other memories I recall having during the process were voluntary, since I tried to remember them. Emotion only played a strong role twice during the project. The first time emotion played a role was when I was remembering when I moved to my Lincoln Avenue address, which required me to remember when my grandma died. Since my grandma was like a second mom to me, grief was a very strong emotion that helped me recall my