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Nature of false memories
Nature of false memories
Nature of false memories
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Recommended: Nature of false memories
Frank Moreno
Mentor: Dr.Siedlecki
Project summary
Part 1:
False memory afflict everyone. People's memories are vulnerable to outside influence and may not be reliable. However, the exact reason why certain individuals tend to create false memories is unknown. Memory is the process in which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved. The storage stage entails that we maintain this information over periods of time. Retrieval is the calling back of this stored information. Malfunctions in one of these stages leads to memory disorder as well as issues such as false memories (Loftus, 2007). False memories are made when true memories are combined with details suggested by others. During the process individuals tend to forget the source of information. Most people experience false memories. However, the precise mechanisms by which such false memories are constructed await further research. It is also unknown exactly what types of individuals are particularly susceptible to these forms of suggestions and which are resistant (Loftus,2007). It has been found that tendency to produce false memories may be a task-specific characteristic of individuals meaning it is most likely caused by a certain characteristic a group of people share.. These false memories are created on the neural networks of the temporal
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lobe (Siedlecki, 2013). The temporal lobe is the portion of the brain that controls memory as well as understanding and language.
Inside the temporal lobe is the hippocampus- the part of the brain directly involved with the forming, organizing, and storage of memory. In fact, change in the hippocampal volume is correlated with decline in memory performance. Decay of the hippocampus is not inevitable and may be reversible. This volume is moderated with health related factors such as stress, alcohol consumption, and depression (Baily, 2012). Because of its relation to decreased hippocampal volume and memory performance, depression may be a character-specific factor that leads to false
memories. Depression is one of the most common mental illnesses with over 9 million American adults suffering with it each year. Major depression is a persistent state that can significantly impair an individual’s thoughts, daily activities and behavior (Joorman, 2012). It is caused an imbalance of certain neurotransmitters in the brain such as serotoninresearch, dopamine, and norepinephrine. Symptoms of depression include depressed mood experienced most of the day, lessened interest in previously pleasurable activities, significant change in appetite or weight, insomnia or hypersomnia, feelings of restlessness or feeling slowed down everyday, loss of energy, feeling worthless, lessened thinking ability, and thoughts of death (Wolman, 2015). Depression has been show to influence on memory because it is directly related to hippocampal decay. It was found that those with depressive symptoms had an adverse effect on many aspects of memory assessed including immediate recall. In fact, when depression was compounded by anxiety, there wasn’t only an adverse effect on immediate recall, but also the retrieval of newly learned information (Kizibash, 2002). Due to its effect on memory and hippocampal volume depression may be a character-specific factor that leads to false memories. Part 2: Research Question: Do individuals with depression or anxiety have a greater tendency to create false memories? Hypothesis: It is hypothesized that individual’s with major depressive disorder (MDD) or anxiety will have a greater tendency to create false memories due to the fact that it decreases hippocampal volume and memory performance. Objective: Use Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm to examine the impact of clinical depression on tendency to create false memories. Part 3: Methodology Participants: A group of about 100 adults will participate in the study. Participants will be included in the depressed group is they currently met the DSM-IV criteria for MDD. Participants will be divided into a control group of healthy non-depressed individuals (CTL) and those who showed criteria for MDD. Materials: The DRM test will be given to the participants. In the DRM test all words will be presented in the same order with the first word of each list being most strongly associated with the critical lure. A critical lure is a word similar to a word given in the study phase list. It is men to bring about a false memory of the critical lure. They will be told to remember as many words as possible from a list of 15 words that would be presented to them. Afterwards they were asked to write down as many as the 15 words they could remember, but will be cautioned not to guess. This will be repeated for 10 lists. In the second part of the experiment, they will be given 10-15 words presented at 1 second per word, 1 second between words, and 2 seconds between list. They will then be given a recognition test. The recognition test will have 30 old words, 10 critical lures, and 40 new words. The critical lures are words similar to the original 10-15 words and are used to bring about false memories of seeing them. They will be asked if the words are new or old and to identify whether they based it of memory or simply knowing. The number of positive identifications and critical lure selections will be recorded. Data Analysis: To investigate group differences in the number of errors on the memory test, it will be examined whether MDD and CTL participants differed in the average number of words per list they falsely recalled, excluding the critical lures. To examine false recall of the critical lures, a two-way ANOVA on the probability of recalling critical lures will be made. Part 4: References Bailey, R. (2012). Hippocampus. Retrieved from http://biology.about.com/od/anatomy/p/hippocampus.htm Joormann, J (2012) Sadder and Less Accurate? False Memory for Negative Material in Depression. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3292784/ Kizibash, A (2002) The effects of depression and anxiety on memory performance. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0887617700001013 Loftus. (2007). Creating False Memories. Retrieved from http://faculty.washington.edu/eloftus/Articles/sciam.htm Siedlecki, K. (2013) An individual analysis of false recognition. Retrieved from http:www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articlesPMC3844791 Wolman (2015) What is Depression? Retrieved from http://drc.stanford.edu/depression.html
Hippocampus is a small, curved region, which exists in both hemispheres of the brain and plays a vital role in emotions, learning and acquisition of new information. It also contributes majorly to long term memory, which is permanent information stored in the brain. Although long term memory is the last information that can be forgotten, its impairment has become very common nowadays. The dysfunction is exemplified by many neurological disorders such as amnesia. There are two types of amnesia, anterograde and retrograde. Anterograde amnesia is inability in forming new information, while retrograde refers to the loss of the past memory. As suggested by Cipolotti and Bird (2006), hippocampus’s lesions are responsible for both types of amnesia. According to multiple trace theory, the author suggests that hippocampal region plays a major role in effective retrieving of episodic memory (Cipolotti and Bird, 2006). For example, patients with hippocampal damage show extensively ungraded retrograde amnesia (Cipolotti and Bird, 2006). They have a difficult time in retrieving information from their non-personal episodic events and autobiographical memory. However, this theory conflicts with standard model of consolidation. The difference between these theories suggests that researchers need to do more work to solve this controversy. Besides retrieving information, hippocampus is also important in obtaining new semantic information, as well as familiarity and recollection (Cipolotti and Bird, 2006). For instance, hippocampal amnesic patient V.C shows in ability to acquire new semantic knowledge such as vocabularies and factual concepts (Cipolotti and Bird, 2006). He is also unable to recognize and recall even...
Hess, T. M., Popham, L. E., Emery, L., & Elliott, T. (2011). Mood, motivation, and misinformation: aging and affective state influences on memory. Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition, 13-34. doi:10.1080/13825585.2011.622740
Humans have an incredible capability for thinking and memory. We can remember events from our past, for our future, and of things that have no relative meaning to ourselves. These memories can be traced back to different systems of our brains through a process of encoding, storage, and retrieval. As part of the retrieval process, memories can be remembered with or without their sources. As research has found, our memories are not labeled or tagged with their origin (Johnson, Hashtroudi, & Lindsay 1993). Because of this, our memory has developed a process called source monitoring. This is how we link our memories to the source that they developed from, usually using specific characteristics and general knowledge of the memory. For example, source monitoring includes identifying who told you something, whether or not you saw an event in real life, the time of the event and whether you told something to your friend or only thought about telling it. The source-monitoring framework for the process involved in pinpointing the origin of information by Johnson and colleagues, explains both vertical and distorted memory with a common set of principles. First, a specific memory consists of specific characteristics including spatial, temporal, and perceptual details. Secondly, the memories can differ in characteristics that can be used to find the origin. More extensive source monitoring can involve beliefs about memory and cognition as well as retrieving more information from memory and finding the source of the memory given these beliefs, other specific characteristics or general knowledge (Johnson et al. 1993). Sometimes these beliefs aren't always accurate. Because some people may be influenced by their personal ideologies during retriev...
Human memory is flexible and prone to suggestion. “Human memory, while remarkable in many ways, does not operate like a video camera” (Walker, 2013). In fact, human memory is quite the opposite of a video camera; it can be greatly influenced and even often distorted by interactions with its surroundings (Walker, 2013). Memory is separated into three different phases. The first phase is acquisition, which is when information is first entered into memory or the perception of an event (Samaha, 2011). The next phase is retention. Retention is the process of storing information during the period of time between the event and the recollection of a piece of information from that event (Samaha, 2011). The last stage is retrieval. Retrieval is recalling stored information about an event with the purpose of making an identification of a person in that event (Samaha, 2011).
False memories being created is obvious through many different ways, such as eye-witness testimonies and past experiments that were conducted, however repression is an issue that has many baffled. There seems to be little evidence on the factual basis of repressed memories, and many argue that it does not exist. The evidence for repression in laboratories is slowly emerging, but not as rapidly as the evidence for false memories. It has been hard to clinically experiment with repressed memories because most memories are unable to be examined during the actual event to corroborate stories. Experimenters are discovering new ways to eliminate this barrier by creating memories within the experiment’s initial phase. This is important for examining the creation of false memories during the study phase. This research study will explore the differences between recovered memories and false memories through research and experiments. Other terms and closely related terms will be discussed, while examining any differences, in relation to repressed memories. The possibility of decoding an actual difference between recovered memories and false memories, through biological techniques. Because false memories can be created, examining these creations in a laboratory setting can shed light on facts overlooked. Exploring these issues will also help with the development of better therapeutic techniques for therapists in dealing with memories. This can lead to an easier process for patients and therapists if they must go through the legal system in relation to an uncovered memory.
The article How to Tell If a Particular Memory Is True or False by Daniel M. Bernstein and Elizabeth F. Loftus, addresses the various techniques used by cognitive scientists and other researchers in hopes of distinguishing true from false memories. For this article Loftus and Bernstein, memory researchers, chose to discuss the different methods currently used, rather than trying to find new ways to tell if a particular memory is true or false. Their findings in these three different approaches are very interesting, and leads us to think critically of the veracity of true and false memories.
Minor consequences, might for instance, be confusing where one has placed something, like car keys. Such confusion can result in a simple inconvenience such as, the wasting of time. Although more serious consequence might for instance occur when one’s memory tricks the individual into giving false eyewitness accounts that might be costly to him, or other third parties. As such, it is important to critically analyze the dynamics of false memory formation and highlight methods that could be used to identi...
Similar studies were done to a different set of college students and they tended to have the same results. After giving as much detail about each memory, the students were interviewed about what they may have written done about what they had remembered. During the last part of the experiment, each of the students were debriefed and asked to guess which memory they believed was false.
In recent years there has been a hot debate between "repressed" vs. "false" memories. Neurobiological studies show that both suppression and recall and the creation of false memories are possible. This paper evaluates the evidence but forth by both sides of the controversy and concludes that both are feasible and separate phenomenon, which occur at significant rates in our society.
One of the most interesting phenomenon related to memory is memory distortions. One way in which they occur is through suggestibility, where people begin to remember false experiences if researchers suggested to them that they experienced it (Sternberg and Sternberg, 2012). In real-life situations, this is caused in part by memory being constructive “in that prior experiences affects how we recall things and what we actually recall from memory” (Sternberg and Sternberg, 2012). People’s prior experiences, including their bias and expectations, may influence how they experience false memory formations; the formation of false memories is also affected by several possible factors, one of which may be sleep deprivation (Frenda, Patihis, Loftus,
Memory is one of the most critical parts of cognition. It is important because it is involved in almost every aspect of cognition including problem solving, decision making, attention, and perception. Because of this importance, people rely on one’s memory to make important decisions. The value of one’s memory in this society is so high that it is used as evidence to either save one’s life or kill one’s life during murder trials. But as many of the cognitive psychologists know, human’s memory can cause many errors. One of these errors is false memory which is either remembering events that never happened or remembering events differently from the actual event. This finding of false memory raised big interests among psychologists and general public and many researches were done in order to find more about the false memory. The constructive approach to memory, which states that memory is constructed by person based on what really happened in addition to person’s other knowledge, experiences, and expectations, supports the idea of false memory. Just like what constructive approach to memory states, the false memory can be created by person’s knowledge, common biases, and suggestions. The present study was done in order to demonstrate one methodology that biases people to create and recall false memories. The present study is based on Deese’s experiment in 1959 and also on Roediger and McDermott’s experiment in 1995. The participants will be presented with sequence of words visually, and then they would have to classify a set of words as either in the sequence or not in the sequence. Our hypothesis is that people will create false memories and recall distractor words that are related to the sequence of words presented significantly m...
False Memories are essentially, unintentional human errors, or a state of none-factual creativeness; which results in persons having declared memories of events and situations that did not occur in the actuality of their own lifespan reality history. If they were not unintentional errors they would be deception, which has the nature of a different purpose, morality and legality. False memories have no authenticity, realness or legitimacy, in the subject’s actual life. However they may not be complete false memories: more likely to be a combination of subjugation of previous memory cue’s; or imaginative inventive production, activated and initiated by an origination of external scenario additive as a prompt, indicator or sign, which fuses into memory recall. Therefore ‘False Memories’ are a genuine but inaccurate remembering of experimental data or recall of an genuine occurrences; both of which have rudiments of accuracy and inaccuracy in their transitive attention, giving most ‘False Memories’ partiality.
Memory is the tool we use to learn and think. We all use memory in our everyday lives. Memory is the mental faculty of retaining and recalling past experiences. We all reassure ourselves that our memories are accurate and precise. Many people believe that they would be able to remember anything from the event and the different features of the situation. Yet, people don’t realize the fact that the more you think about a situation the more likely the story will change. Our memories are not a camcorder or a camera. Our memory tends to be very selective and reconstructive.
The findings of this research would reinforce findings of previous research specifically in relation to the robustness of false memories. The experiment undertaken by students will also be helpful to the study of false memories specifically to test the reproducibility of this type of experiment.
Human memory is highly susceptible to modifications due to the compelling nature of false memories. This causes the recollection of events to be different from the way they happened or to be non-existent. (Roediger, Jacoby and McDermott, 1996). The first study by Loftus and Pickrell (1995) was to understand and determine if human’s episodic memory, which is the recollection of past events in their thoughts and feelings at that point of time, could be modified by suggestive information. (Wheeler, Stuss and Tulving, 1997). The independent variables were the types of information (3 true and 1 false) given...