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The credibility of eyewitness testimonies
The credibility of eyewitness testimonies
Eyewitness testimony 's true or false essays
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“Can our memories be described as accurate? Why or why not? What important implications might this have for our lives?” Memory is the tool we use to learn and think. We all use memory in our everyday lives. Memory is the mental faculty of retaining and recalling past experiences. We all reassure ourselves that our memories are accurate and precise. Many people believe that they would be able to remember anything from the event and the different features of the situation. Yet, people don’t realize the fact that the more you think about a situation the more likely the story will change. Our memories are not a camcorder or a camera. Our memory tends to be very selective and reconstructive. Eyewitness testimony is especially vulnerable to error when the question is misleading or when there’s a difference in ethnicity. However, using an eyewitness as a source of evidence can be risky and is rarely 100% accurate. This can be proven by the theory of the possibility of false memory formation and the question of whether or not a memory can lie. For instance, a group of students saw the face of a young man with straight hair, then heard a description of the face supposedly written by another witness, one that wrongly mentioned light, curly hair. When they reconstructed the face using a kit of facial features, a third of their reconstructions contained the misleading detail, whereas only 5 percent contained it when curly hair was not mentioned (Page 359). This situation shows how misleading information from other sources can be profoundly altered. Children’s memories are easier to confuse as those of adults. For many years most adults believed that children’s memories could not be trusted because children tend to confuse reality with their fantasies. Children just as adults can be accurate in what they report and they also like adult can distort, forget, fantasize, and be misled. As research show, their memories processes are only human. All I know is that I wouldn’t like to be accused by a group of children or students. It’s not quite as reliable as you may have hoped a memory would be. Explicit memory is a conscious, recollection of an event or an item of information. It is usually measured using recall or recognition methods. Recalling has the ability to retrieve and reproduce information. Recognizing has the ability to identify information you have previously learned, read, or heard about.
Our memory is made up of many different types of memories; episodic, semantic, and implicit. Episodic memory is the remembrance of a certain event. An example of this
Chipotle Mexican Grill’s target customer is primarily millennials; more particularly millennials between the ages of 20-24 that are on the go, who are looking for fresher healthier quick order meals. (Schoultz).
The first issue that needs to be addressed however is what exactly is memory? “ Without memory we would be servants of the moment, with nothing but our innate reflexes to help us deal with the world. There would be no language, no art, no science, no culture. Civilization itself is the distillation of human memory” (Blakemore 1988). The simple interpretation of Blakemore’s theory on what memory is that a person’s memory is at least one of the most important things in their life and without it civilization itself could not exist.
There has been considerable debate worldwide, regarding the accuracy of eyewitness testimony in the criminal justice system. Particularly, arguments have surrounded wrongful convictions that have resulted from incorrect eyewitness evidence (Areh, 2011; Howitt, 2012; Nelson, Laney, Bowman-Fowler, Knowles, Davis & Loftus, 2011). The purpose of this essay is to consider psychological research about the accuracy of eyewitness testimony and its placement in the criminal justice system. Firstly, this essay will define how eyewitnesses and their testimonies are used within the criminal justice system and the current debate surrounding its usage. Secondly, the impact of post-identification feedback will be used to show the affect on the confidence of a witness. Thirdly, studies around gender related differences will show how a witnesses gender can affect memory recall and accuracy. Fourthly, empirical studies will be used to highlight how a psychological experience called change blindness can cause mistakes in eyewitness identification. Finally, the effect of cross-examination will be used to explore the impact on eyewitness accuracy. It will be argued, that eyewitness testimony is not accurate and highly subjective, therefore, the criminal justice system must reduce the impact that eyewitness testimony is allowed to have. Developing better policies and procedures to avoid wrongful convictions by misled judges and jury members can do this.
The article How to Tell If a Particular Memory Is True or False by Daniel M. Bernstein and Elizabeth F. Loftus, addresses the various techniques used by cognitive scientists and other researchers in hopes of distinguishing true from false memories. For this article Loftus and Bernstein, memory researchers, chose to discuss the different methods currently used, rather than trying to find new ways to tell if a particular memory is true or false. Their findings in these three different approaches are very interesting, and leads us to think critically of the veracity of true and false memories.
Cells are grouped into three categories namely plant, animal, and prokaryotic cells. In addition, the shape and size of cells range from a few millimeter to microns. The size of a cell is indicative of its function(s). The shape of cells in living organisms may range from concave, to spherical, oval, rectangular, flat, oval, or rod-shaped. The cells can be viewed with the aid of a microscope. Every living organism possesses multicellular and unicellular cells. At the same time, the different types of cells display common structural properties. Examples include the plasma membrane and genetic composition (Jan,
...s called the triple-threat, it is very helpful, because you can shout, pass, and dribble from this position, and it makes your arms go around the ball so that it is hard for the defense to take it from you. The only basic thing you need to know about basketball is that you need to be able to dribble well enough to not turn the ball over to the other team. You also need to be able to look around the court while dribbling. Once you’re capable of doing these things you will be set to be a good ball player. But don’t forget without science we wouldn’t be able to accomplish these abilities
As I have been reading memoirs about memory for this class, each essay made me recall or even examine my past memory closely. However, the more minutely I tried to recall what happened in the past, the more confused I got because I could not see the clear image and believe I get lost in my own memory, which I thought, I have preserved perfectly in my brain. The loss of the details in each memory has made me a little bit sentimental, feeling like losing something important in my life. But, upon reading those essays, I came to realize that remembering correct the past is not as important as growing up within memory. However, the feelings that were acquired from the past experience tend to linger distinctly. The essay that is related to my experience
Before discussing the way the Catholic Church has responded to the topic of euthanasia, it is important to understand what euthanasia truly is. Euthanasia comes from two Greek works: eu which means good and thanatos which means death. These terms come together to mean “good death”, referencing the common practice of voluntary suicide by old or sick people who wish to have a painless death by drinking the poison hemlock. The term euthanasia has assumed several dimensions throughout history. During the 17th century the term came to explain actions taken by a physician to reduce pain in dying patients, associated with assisting in death or suicide. In ...
Every human life is created by god and only god decides when to end it. “Religious people who are against the subject of euthanasia believe that life is given by God, and only God should decide when to end It.” said by Pope John Paul II. He also thinks that if god made that person to suffer in pain, he will suffer in pain. If god chooses for someone to live, they will live. Some people thi...
Schooling for the disabled requires a special environment—one that only a few teachers have the gift to care for. Instead of looking out for the child’s needs, the government is focused on passing test grades and social skills. Mentally retarded children require a highly trained special education teacher, patience for behavioral issues, and are also required to pass standardized tests; public education for these students move at a faster pace than they can comprehend and lack the personal focus that they would otherwise get in a special needs classroom.
Learning to tie shoes and ride a bike requires the encoding, storing, and retrieving of past observations of the procedure. With a lot of practice, children master these skills so well that they are able to remember them the rest of their lives. Memory is the storing of information over time. It is one of the most important concepts in learning; if things are not remembered, no learning can take place. As a process, memory refers to the "dynamic mechanism associated with the retention and retrieval of information about past experiences" (Sternberg 260). We use our memory about the past to help us understand the present. The study or memory in psychology is used in different ways, as well as there are many different ways to study how memory works in humans. In psychology there are many tasks used to measure memory, and different types of memory storages that human's use, such as sensory storing, or short term storing. There are also a lot of techniques that humans use to improve their memory, which they can use to learn, such as mnemonic devices. All these things can be classified as important issues in the study of human memory and ways of learning.
Working in teams provides an opportunity for individuals to come together and establish a rapport towards others within a group. Teamwork is classified as people with different strengths and skills who work together to achieve a common goal. When a team works well, specific objectives are fulfilled and satisfied. Teamwork plays a crucial role in implementing and fulfilling a common goal in a team project. Each member plays a role and takes on different responsibilities combined together. In different stages of teamwork, conflicts and arguments may occur for as members have different standpoints which need to be harmonized within the team. The key to having an effective teamwork is to explore each member's unique abilities to motivate them.
Swoosh! Nothing sounds better to a basketball player, than the sound of the basketball when it goes through the net. It is, without a doubt, the most satisfying sound in the entire game. However, this sound doesn’t come easy. In order to hear this beautiful sound, a player must perfect the shot. The secret behind the ideal shot, lies in two incredibly significant steps; the position/grip of the ball and Jumping. Adding the following information to anyone’s shot would make it unstoppable.
Basketball is a very complex sport that takes many years to fully grasp the Complete concept of. Basketball is for anyone who is willing to get a little physical, for you are running up and down the court with ten other players while playing defence and offence. There are just a few things you need to focus on when starting off. These include; dribbling, passing, shooting, and defence. You need to learn the rules and regulations in the game as well. Not only that, but, Always be in triple threat position, meaning you have your elbows are out and you are balanced. This assures that the ball is protected and you are in the position to either pass, shoot or dribble.