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False memories
False memories tie into cognitive psychology
Cognitive theories of false memory
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True or False Memories Reaction Paper Luisa Fernandez John Jay College Of Criminal Justice PSY& THE LAW 370, Robert Beattey Page Break True or False Memories 1 The article How to Tell If a Particular Memory Is True or False by Daniel M. Bernstein and Elizabeth F. Loftus, addresses the various techniques used by cognitive scientists and other researchers in hopes of distinguishing true from false memories. For this article Loftus and Bernstein, memory researchers, chose to discuss the different methods currently used, rather than trying to find new ways to tell if a particular memory is true or false. Their findings in these three different approaches …show more content…
The neuroimaging techniques often used are the event-relate technique and functional magnetic resonance imaging. This techniques are responsible for capturing real time cognition, and where in the brain this cognition is taking place. The result of these studies present valuable information and show a closer approach to being able to tell true from false. So far I have these two different methods use, but yet no concrete answer to a way in which we can tell if a particular memory is true or false. The authors of this article do a great job describing these different procedures. Yet, I believed they spent to much time explaining the process of such tests, rather than dwelling more on the results and findings of the experiments. So far, I would of like for the authors to introduce new methods other than the ones already performed by other scientist and …show more content…
The next part of the article talks about focusing on the person reporting the memories and focusing on a particular memory. When researches focus on the person reporting the memories, their attempt is to decode if the person is lying intentionally or unintentionally. Tools like the polygraph and interrogation are often used by many professionals to catch malingerers and fakers (Loftus, Bernstein, p.371, 2009). The authors repeatedly stated that these procedures are not certain, and tend to provide bias results. Moreover, this time I see that the authors provided information in what they believe these research methods are lacking of. I like that they provided different measures that can be used along with other procedures already in
Roediger III, H. L., & McDermott, K. B. (1995). Creating False Memories: Remembering Words Not Presented in Lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cogntion, 21, 803-814.
Atkinson, R.C. & Shiffrin, R.M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system and its control process.
Steffens, M., & Mecklenbräuker, S. (2007). False memories: Phenomena, theories, and implications. Zeitschrift Für Psychologie/Journal Of Psychology, 215(1), 12-24. doi:10.1027/0044-3409.215.1.12
Many of the memories that were remembered are usually previous childhood experiences. Dewhurst and Robinson (2004) conducted a study where 5, 8 and 11 year old children were tested on memory illusion. One of the procedures used to test false memories is the DRM paradigm. The DRM paradigm presents a list of words that include a critical word that is typically remembered although it was never presented. During the DRM procedure the children were given five lists that contained eight words. Each list consisted of at least one rhyme and a semantic theme. Each child was tested on their own by the classroom
Minor consequences, might for instance, be confusing where one has placed something, like car keys. Such confusion can result in a simple inconvenience such as, the wasting of time. Although more serious consequence might for instance occur when one’s memory tricks the individual into giving false eyewitness accounts that might be costly to him, or other third parties. As such, it is important to critically analyze the dynamics of false memory formation and highlight methods that could be used to identi...
In chapter 8, Lost in the Mall, Slater tells us about Elizabeth Loftus. She is a professor at the University of Washington and an experimental psychologist who does research about human memory. She learned about to men who believed different things about human memory and decided to challenge them. The first was Plato. He believed that in a form of absolute or ideal memory. He thought memory would appear completely preserved. The second was Freud. He claimed that memory was a reduplication of a dream and fact. He believed memories were repressed. Loftus believed that people tend to confuse things between memory and imagination. She wanted to prove people could distort memories and also make up fake memories. False memory is an apparent recollection
Similar studies were done to a different set of college students and they tended to have the same results. After giving as much detail about each memory, the students were interviewed about what they may have written done about what they had remembered. During the last part of the experiment, each of the students were debriefed and asked to guess which memory they believed was false.
In recent years there has been a hot debate between "repressed" vs. "false" memories. Neurobiological studies show that both suppression and recall and the creation of false memories are possible. This paper evaluates the evidence but forth by both sides of the controversy and concludes that both are feasible and separate phenomenon, which occur at significant rates in our society.
Why could we say that Donders and Ebbinghaus were cognitive psychologists, even though in the 19th century there was no field called cognitive psychology? Describe Donder’s experiment and rationale behind it, and Ebbinghaus’s memory experiments. What do Donders’s and Ebbinghaus’s experiments have in common?(2)
Memory is one of the most critical parts of cognition. It is important because it is involved in almost every aspect of cognition including problem solving, decision making, attention, and perception. Because of this importance, people rely on one’s memory to make important decisions. The value of one’s memory in this society is so high that it is used as evidence to either save one’s life or kill one’s life during murder trials. But as many of the cognitive psychologists know, human’s memory can cause many errors. One of these errors is false memory which is either remembering events that never happened or remembering events differently from the actual event. This finding of false memory raised big interests among psychologists and general public and many researches were done in order to find more about the false memory. The constructive approach to memory, which states that memory is constructed by person based on what really happened in addition to person’s other knowledge, experiences, and expectations, supports the idea of false memory. Just like what constructive approach to memory states, the false memory can be created by person’s knowledge, common biases, and suggestions. The present study was done in order to demonstrate one methodology that biases people to create and recall false memories. The present study is based on Deese’s experiment in 1959 and also on Roediger and McDermott’s experiment in 1995. The participants will be presented with sequence of words visually, and then they would have to classify a set of words as either in the sequence or not in the sequence. Our hypothesis is that people will create false memories and recall distractor words that are related to the sequence of words presented significantly m...
False Memories are essentially, unintentional human errors, or a state of none-factual creativeness; which results in persons having declared memories of events and situations that did not occur in the actuality of their own lifespan reality history. If they were not unintentional errors they would be deception, which has the nature of a different purpose, morality and legality. False memories have no authenticity, realness or legitimacy, in the subject’s actual life. However they may not be complete false memories: more likely to be a combination of subjugation of previous memory cue’s; or imaginative inventive production, activated and initiated by an origination of external scenario additive as a prompt, indicator or sign, which fuses into memory recall. Therefore ‘False Memories’ are a genuine but inaccurate remembering of experimental data or recall of an genuine occurrences; both of which have rudiments of accuracy and inaccuracy in their transitive attention, giving most ‘False Memories’ partiality.
Memory is the tool we use to learn and think. We all use memory in our everyday lives. Memory is the mental faculty of retaining and recalling past experiences. We all reassure ourselves that our memories are accurate and precise. Many people believe that they would be able to remember anything from the event and the different features of the situation. Yet, people don’t realize the fact that the more you think about a situation the more likely the story will change. Our memories are not a camcorder or a camera. Our memory tends to be very selective and reconstructive.
The findings of this research would reinforce findings of previous research specifically in relation to the robustness of false memories. The experiment undertaken by students will also be helpful to the study of false memories specifically to test the reproducibility of this type of experiment.
Endless studies conducted on flashbulb memories, raise a few eyebrows on the accuracy of our memories stored in our brains. When speaking about memories, we have different kinds of memories that are involved in our everyday thought processes. One in particular memory is flashbulb memory. Flashbulb memories consist of our own confidently accurate memories that contain specific details that include: time, location, thoughts, surroundings, smells and tastes of one’s current doings, during significant events that happened in our lives. The theory of a flashbulb memory is set a part from ordinary memories because of the emotional impact it has on the person, during the event that occurred. This is why flashbulb memories are a part of a special mechanisms
According to Sternberg (1999), memory is the extraction of past experiences for information to be used in the present. The retrieval of memory is essential in every aspect of daily life, whether it is for academics, work or social purposes. However, many often take memory for granted and assume that it can be relied on because of how realistic it appears in the mind. This form of memory is also known as flashbulb memory. (Brown and Kulik, 1977). The question of whether our memory is reliably accurate has been shown to have implications in providing precise details of past events. (The British Psychological Association, 2011). In this essay, I would put forth arguments that human memory, in fact, is not completely reliable in providing accurate depictions of our past experiences. Evidence can be seen in the following two studies that support these arguments by examining episodic memory in humans. The first study is by Loftus and Pickrell (1995) who found that memory can be modified by suggestions. The second study is by Naveh-Benjamin and Craik (1995) who found that there is a predisposition for memory to decline with increasing age.