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Mamoru Oshii’s Ghost in The Shell Science fiction has been a staple of film entertainment since George Melies first explored the genre in his 1902 Le Voyage Dans La Lune. While even as early an example as this contained many defining features of the genre which are still present today, over 100 years of exploring the genre has both expanded and more accurately defined what makes a film fit the science fiction niche. This paper seeks to explore elements of Mamoru Oshii’s Ghost in The Shell and how they conform to science fiction genre standards. These topics will include plot and thematic elements, as well as film techniques and iconography. Furthermore, the film will be examined through the reflectionist approach to determine how the story speaks to society’s mindset during the time of its production. In Sam Moskowitz’ Explorers of the Infinite: Shapers of Science Fiction he gives us a broad definition of the genre as a whole – not just specific to film: “Science fiction is a branch of fantasy identifiable by the fact that it eases the ‘willing suspension of disbelief’ on the part of its readers by utilizing an atmosphere of scientific credibility for its imaginative speculations in physical science, space, time, social science and philosophy.” (11) Because this definition speaks to the genre as a whole, including both literature and film, it is a good starting point for identifying plot and thematic elements in the movie that speak to the genre. Many notable elements in the film speak to utilization of “an atmosphere of scientific credibility.” Unlike other works in the fantasy genre, Ghost in the Shell sets itself into the science fiction niche with this distinction. While typical fantasy includes fantastic... ... middle of paper ... ...ed doors. The prominent thematic element which hearkens to the science fiction genre is that of the creation turning against its creator – the often-utilized “Frankenstein Theme.” By utilizing a computer creation, Project 2571, the film speaks to the societal mindset at the time of its making. By constantly asking what it means to be human, the film speaks to society’s fear of the loss of self amongst an influx of computer technologies. In a world where super computers are quickly approaching the processing speed of the human brain, robotic technologies are coming to more closely resemble fluid human movements, and artificial intelligence is continually becoming better able to “think” independently, it is no wonder that an underlying societal reflection of this film is a fear of losing one’s own sense of self while surrounded by computers gaining their own.
One example that pertains to this are the events that lead Chris McCandless to his death. In the section Following The Word, it was learned that McCandless had an extremely passionate desire to read which allowed led him to escape reality, a reality that he thought was “fiction.” Although the real fiction was that came about through books, he was reading from authors such as London, Thoreau, Muir, and Tolstoy. In Miller’s words, “who McCandless is…intimately connected to [his] approach to reading,” and this reading helped him to keep and flourish his beliefs Miller 429). In regards to McCandless’s manufactured reality, he had used his keen eye and knowledge of books to understand nature around him, at least, he believed so. He thought that his actions were valiant and noble; they were without fault because he has learned that they were not through the authors aforementioned. He used his education to fornicate connections for how he sought to be one with nature, and by his reasoning, he believed it was
One could easily dismiss movies as superficial, unnecessarily violent spectacles, although such a viewpoint is distressingly pessimistic and myopic. In a given year, several films are released which have long-lasting effects on large numbers of individuals. These pictures speak
In Hollywood today, most films can be categorized according to the genre system. There are action films, horror flicks, Westerns, comedies and the likes. On a broader scope, films are often separated into two categories: Hollywood films, and independent or foreign ‘art house’ films. Yet, this outlook, albeit superficial, was how many viewed films. Celebrity-packed blockbusters filled with action and drama, with the use of seamless top-of-the-line digital editing and special effects were considered ‘Hollywood films’. Films where unconventional themes like existentialism or paranoia, often with excessive violence or sex or a combination of both, with obvious attempts to displace its audiences from the film were often attributed with the generic label of ‘foreign’ or ‘art house’ cinema.
Schatz, Thomas. “Film Genre and the Genre Film.” Film Theory and Criticism: Introductory Readings. Oxford University Press: New York, 1998.
Bordwell Thomson, David. “Sex in Science Fiction Films: Romance or Enginnering?”. (New York: BFI Publishing, 1984)
Film genres help familiarize the audience with the film’s plot. Professor Jon Sufrin, in his lecture at York University, defines genre as “[the] grouping of texts with similar distinct and reoccurring patterns of writing (i.e. Romance, Western, […] etc.)” (Sufrin). The audience finds comfort in this pattern of reoccurring themes, character tropes, plot progressions, and general elements. As a result, many films follow the genre’s conventions with little to no deviations from the plot tropes. One genre of film that rarely deviates from its predictable patterns is the romance film genre.
The 1970s was a time where the film industry began to strive of the usage of television and its ability to presell films while reducing the possibility of losing tons of money on films. Producers began to shift genres and venture outside of the box. This set up George Lucas’s Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope to be a huge blockbuster. It took the audience’s desire and passion for technology and heroism to the next level. A shift from the traditional American West to the galaxy and beyond, “Americans were no longer willing to follow the lone cowboy” (Quart 122). The old traditional Hollywood had seemed to be long gone, especially in the 1960s, however in the 1970s, Hollywood still had the ability and resources to create worlds that paralleled
"The text [magical realist text] contains an 'irreducible element' of magic, something we cannot explain according to the laws of the universe as we know them" (Faris 167). In addition to these "magical" elements, Magical Realist fiction, by name, includes "realistic" elements that serve to counterbalance the "magical" elements. The plots are logically conceived (Leal 120). An amalgamation of realistic and magical elements is presented by true Magical Realist authors through specific devices. These devices serve as the first basis for evaluating a work of literature and determining whether or not it fits into the Magical Realist mode.
Throughout much of the 20th century right after its inception during the tail end of the 19th century, film’s function within our world and society has been questioned, analyzed, theorized, and challenged time and time again. Robin Wood’s “Ideology, Genre, and Auteur” article is a testament to this predicament and he suggests that theory is something which inhibits understanding the evolving nature of cinema beyond the brackets put in place by theory. If the evolution of cinema were to adhere to the parameters of theory, we may not have groundbreaking film movements that offer an alternative understanding of cinema. If society chooses to understand film in the way D.W. Griffith defines film with his works in the 1910s, we may not allow filmmakers
“If I was indeed going to die, what did I want to say before I go?” After a tragic bike accident, Tom Shadyac, the director of many successful comedies suddenly finds himself on a different side of the movie industry. In I Am, Shadyac asks the audience one of the most complex, controversial questions known to Man: “what’s wrong with our world, and how can we change it?” It’s not a simple question to ask, but Shadyac attempts to answer it by enlightening the audience and changing the perspective of what it means to be human. What are the root causes of poverty and war? In this documentary, you’ll discover the true way humans are designed to live, and the “mental illness” we all suffer from. Shadyac lays it all out on the table, along with the inevitable truth that if humans do not change for the better, we will go extinct.
Shipman, David. A Pictorial History of Science Fiction Films. In and Out of this World. Hamlyn Publishing, Middlesex, 1985.
By the 1950s, the film industry was in full swing, and going to the movies became a routine pastime for many. One way in which studios kept audiences returning to movie theatres occurred with the development of science fiction films. Though science fiction films had already been around for decades with films such as A Trip to the Moon and Frankenstein, it became an overwhelmingly popular genre and was in its prime throughout the 1950s. The production of science fiction films drew audiences in, becoming one of the most significant genres of the decade. There were a number of different categories of science fiction films, including space exploration, alien invasion, and monster movies. The reason for the rise in popularity of science fiction films leads back to World War II, and the genre remained popular
Science fiction is considered by scholars to be, rather, speculative fiction. The genre raises questions often about the state and the fate of humanity and seeks to define what the parameters of human identity may be. Although the speculative authors of science fiction have disparate takes on these essential questions, there often are distinct commonalities. One important trend across many works of science fiction is that humanity’s collective curiosity for curiosity’s sake is the defining characteristic of humankind.
In the setting of the Ghost in the shell, robots and humans can make no difference in appearance - even more human than real humans. This relies on highly developed artificial semantic technology. In the world of Ghost in the shell, no matter the limbs or organs, except for the brain, everything in human body can be replaced -- maybe the brain can also. The heroine is only able to retain the brain because of an accident before birth. So the heroine is a man with only a brain and a machine. So I want to ask a question, is the heroine a person? I think it is! Because there are many people rely on artificial limbs to live in society now. So I'd like to ask another question, if AI has the self - consciousness, the emotion, like the heroine in the
We invest more in talking online than talking face to face. Overuse of machines has numerous negative impacts, for example, creating physical/behavioral sicknesses, harming family connections and diminishing scholarly study. Above all else, when a computer turns into the essential issue of an individual's life, they experience a conversion in behavior; they feel that they cannot live without a computer. The normal thing to see with youngsters who have been permitted to invest an excess of time on the computer, optically watching TV, or playing video games and when it is to stop, they have temper tantrums. But it is not only a matter of behavioral progressions when individuals can’t tear themselves away from the screen long enough to join in with whatever possible action, it can take a toll on their comfort and health.