Linguistic Varieties And Multilingual Nations

Chapter Report: Linguistic Varieties and Multilingual Nations

A personal skill such as the ability to read, to speak and to write is regarded as the essentials for status in literate and less literate multilingual and multicultural societies. Moreover, People nowadays use more than one language because they need those languages for different purposes. One of the example cases can be seen on the book by Janet Holmes, when Mr. Patel who lives at Bombay speaks several languages, such as Gujerati, Marathi, Kacchi and also English to communicate with other people. The reason is he knows that more than half the world's population is bilingual and not a few people are multilingual. From the example, sociolinguist has developed a number of ways in

Therefore, there is the term of world Englishes or new Englishes in many parts of the country. People speak English to communicate because nowadays people around the world travel to one country and another. English has the different dialect, so that is why there are varieties of English. There is inner circle, where most of the populations are monolingual English speakers, expanding circle where the population uses English as an additional language and outer where the population uses both of their national language and English language. In another word, the language of wider communication is English, or it called as lingua franca. Wardhaugh, on his book said that “lingua franca is ‘a language which is used habitually by people whose mother tongues are different in order to facilitate communication between them” (Wardhaugh P.59) Indeed, lingua franca also a linguistic system that can be used as a tool of communication and it can be spoken in a variety of ways. According to the history, the term lingua franca (in Italy means “Frankish Language”), or Sabir (‘to know’) is started from pidgin language in the 14th century. “In some countries, the most useful and widely used lingua franca is an official language or the national language” (holmes, Janet P.84) one of the example is Indonesian

They are developing out of a need for communication among people who do not share a common language. John Rickford said that “A pidgin is sharply restricted in social role, used for limited communication between speakers of two or more languages who have repeated or extended contacts with each other” (P.163), meanwhile Wardhaugh on his book said that “A pidgin is a language with no native speakers: it is no one’s first language but is a contract language.” (P.61) Therefore, Pidgin is a developed language as a communication tool between two groups of people that have not general language, it is a simplification of two languages or more, and indeed pidgin has no native speaker. This language exists naturally between groups of society whose languages are differing. This language disposed to mix vocabulary, intonation or the shape of grammatical from two languages. “A creole is often defined as a pidgin that has become the first language of a new generation of speakers.” (Wardhaugh, P.63) creoles typically have a larger vocabulary and more complicated grammatical resources than pidgins and it usually more complex and structurally elaborated than pidgins. The Creole language can become a standard language, national language or a formal language. The shape of language in creole can be change depend on the standard language. Pidgin and creole studies actually have some controversy, and it