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Contributors of behaviourism theory
Essays on behaviourism
Behaviorism theory
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THE LEARNING THEORY
BEHAVIORISM:
BEHAVIORIST GORDON ALLPORT
AND BURRHUS SKINNER
INTRODUCTION
The behavoristic approach has exerted a strong influence on American Psychology. The basic ideas of behaviorism are: human behavior is a product of the Stimulus-Response interaction and that behavior is modifiable. It has triggered scientific experiments and the use of statistical procedures. Most importantly, it has turned the attention of psychology to solving real behavior related problems. The behavorist believe behavior should be explained in terms of environmental stimuli. It is not necessary to go into the postulating of inner mechanisms or traits because it creates additional mysteries that need to be explained. Though with the behavoristic approach its known that certain environmental conditions tend to procedure certain types of behavior, and with this less tedious process. (Stevenson n.p.g)
To get a better understanding of this theory I’ve selected two behaviorists, Gordon Allport and B.F. Skinner; well known for their approaches in the study of behaviorism.
GORDON ALLPORT
ALLPORT’S EARLY YEARS
Gordon Allport was born to Montezuma, Indiana, in 1897, the youngest of four brothers. A shy boy, he was teased and lived a fairly isolated childhood. (textbook 191) His father was a country doctor, and this meant that his father’s patients were always in the house. Everyone in his house worked hard. His early life seemed to be pleasant and uneventful.
I have looked in many resources and I’ve come to the conclusion that not too many people went into depth about the childhood of Allport. What was known about his is Allport received his PH.D. in Psychology in 1922 from Harvard, following in the foot steps of his brother Floyd, who became an important social psychologists. (Allport 67) Though in all of the research I did, this was always mentioned: When he was 22 he traveled to Vienna. He had arranged to meet with Sigmund Freud. There was at first silence, though no longer be able to take the silence, Gordon blurted out an observation he had made on his way to meet Freud. He mentioned that he had seen a little boy on the bus that was very upset at having to sit where a dirty old man had sat previously. Gordon thought that this child had learned this from his mother, a very neat an...
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...ferent. The comparison of the two are very important because, of their understanding, and the complexity of the learning theory; behaviorism and the complexity of the theorist and their theory.
WORKS CITED:
Allport, G. W. (1967) Autobiography. In E.G. Boring G. Lindzey (Eds), A history of psychology in autobiography (Vol 5, pp 1-25). Ney your:Appelton-Century- Crafts.
Allport GW (1937) personality: A psychological Interpretation: New York Henry Hott
An Introduction to Theories of Personality 5th edition B.R. Hergen bahn and Mathew H”. Oloson – Sihed (pp 271-301, 189-201).
Boree, George C Dr. (1904-1990)B.F. Skinner Biography http://www.ship.edu/~cgboree/skinner.htm) pg 1-6
Boree, George C Dr. (1897-1967) Gordon Allport Biography http://www.ship.edu/~cgboree/allport.htm) pg 1-6
Bjork D.W. (1997) Allport: A Life in Washington D.C. American psychological association
Stevenson, Harold W. Behaviorism and Instructional Technology “Online” http:1129.7.160115/inst5931/behaviorism.html pg 1-6
Skinner, G. W. (1967) Autobiography. In E.G. Boring G. Lindzey (Eds), A history of psychology in autobiography (Vol 5, pp 387-413). New York:Appelton-Century- Crafts.
Skinner, B.F. A Brief Survey of Operant Behavior. Cambridge, MA: B. F. Skinner Foundation. 1938
D. Brett King, Wayne Viney, & William Douglas Woody, (2013). A History of Psychology, Ideas & Context. 3rd ed. United States: Pearson.
Thorndike, E. L. The elements of psychology. New York: A. G. Seiler , 1905. Print
According to a criticism on the short story in the second volume of Short Stories for Students, writers of local color attempt to exaggerate cultural differences (Schmidt 27). The genre of writing generally focuses on unsophisticated characters in a specific part of America (Schmidt 27). In Twain’s short story, the narrator travels from eastern American to a western mining town in search of Leonidas W. Smiley. When he is trying to obtain information about the man he is searching for, he encounters Simon Wheeler, the stereotypical western frontiersman who rambles on about a man named Jim Smiley that had a pet frog who could jump higher than any of the other member of his
Webb, Wilse. History Of Psychology. Theoretical & Philosophical Psychology 9.1 (1989): 44-45. PsycARTICLES. Web. 13 Nov. 2013.
He will explain things that he doesn’t understand or simple things like a lie. For example he explains, “The word metaphor means carrying something from one place to another.” And goes on to give the readers examples of metaphors. Christopher tells the readers about how he doesn’t understand metaphors and how it should be called a lie instead. He says, “I think it should be called a lie because a pig is not like a day and people do not have skeletons in their cupboards.” Most readers already know what a metaphor is and don’t want to read a whole page explaining what it is. Christopher also explains, “A lie is when you say something happened which didn't happen.” Again, most readers already know what a lie is and find it frustrating to have the narrator constantly explain things to them that they already know. It seems frustrating because Christopher uses up at least one page every time to explain things to the reader that he doesn’t understand, but most readers already do. This frustrates the reader and makes them feel like their time is being wasted. It makes the reader want to stop reading the book because Christopher doesn’t understand a lot of things so he has to do a lot of
Maher, B. A., & Maher, W. B. (1985). Psychopathology: II. From the eighteenth century to modern times. In G. A. Kimble & K. Schlesinger (Eds.), Topics in the history of psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 295-329). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Some aspects of the nurse’s job have been made easy and facilitated with the aid of other well trained professionals within their working environments. According to the American Nurses Association (ANA) (2012), registered nurse’s performance has greatly improved over the years as a result of their coordination and partnership with the health care system with other health care providers. As a result, registered nurses are today seen to occupy important leadership positions in the healthcare system and they participate when they are making decisions for patients as well as for other
The CNO maintains a high level of communication and productive relationships with physicians and other healthcare personnel to collaborate in developing standard key processes and evidence-based practice standards. The CNO is accountable for nursing leadership and establishes an environment of professional nursing practice that empowers nurses to provide safe, effective, compassionate, and efficient care. The CNO ensures alignment with nursing standards of practice, legal regulation and regulatory and accreditation
Boneau, C. A., Kimble, G. A., and Wertheimer, M. (1996) Portraits of Pioneers in Psychology, Volume II. Washington D.C. and Mahwah, NJ: American Psychological Association & Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Hergenhahn, B.R. (2009). Social and Theoretical Psychology: Conceptual and Historical Issues 1. An introduction to the History of Psychology. 1 (1), p1-28.
Behaviorism is an approach to psychology based on the proposition that behavior can be researched scientifically without recourse to inner mental states. It is a form of materialism, denying any independent significance for mind. Its significance for psychological treatment has been profound, making it one of the pillars of pharmacological therapy. One of the assumptions of behaviorist thought is that free will is illusory, and that all behavior is determined by the environment either through association or reinforcement.
The successful application of these theories have been very interdisciplinary in their use, being applicable in the development of disorders and even calculating spending patterns across social groups. Behaviorism and social learning have evolved beyond the original use of solely educational purposes. However, the effectiveness of the behaviorism theory has come into question as an educational approach., L’Ecuyer (2014) explains that the behaviorism approach, “emphasizes the accumulation of information (knowledge), on external behaviors (skills and mechanical habits) and their emotional and physical reactions in given situations, rather than on the person’s internal mental states, such as intentionality, which are much more complex (p.2). The article questions the modern effectiveness of the behaviorism approach on children. I have found that the theory of social learning when paired with the behaviorism theory is still very useful in education, even with the influx of modern technologies. At the very core, behaviorism, both classical and, seeks to explain why humans react to certain stimuli. Operant is more used in socially especially in child rearing, how to effectively discipline and child via reinforcement of positive behaviors or corporal punishment for negative behaviors is still a highly debated topic. Social learning can also heavily influence
There are five main contributors to behaviorism. They are Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, B.F. Skinner, Albert Bandura, and Joseph Wolpe. The beh...
Behaviorism is the point of view where learning and behavior are described and explained in terms of stimulus-response relationships. Behaviorists agree that an individual’s behaviors is a result of their interaction with the environment. Feedback, praise and rewards are all ways people can respond to becoming conditioned. The focus is on observable events instead of events that happen in one’s head. The belief that learning has not happened unless there is an observable change in behavior. “The earliest and most Ardent of behaviourists was Watson (1931; Medcof and Roth, 1991; Hill 1997). His fundamental conclusion from many experimental observations of animal and childhood learning was that stimulus-response (S-R) connections are more likely to be established the more frequently or recently an S-R bond occurs. A child solving a number problem might have to make many unsuccessful trials before arriving at the correct solution” (Childs, 2004).