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Language uses and society
Political life in China
How is language use influenced by various social factors
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China has a long history of language reformation, where the Chinese language becomes one of the most successful and radical amendments for the whole nation to adopt several changes along the way. In this essay, a discussion of major components in the language reform, specifically the Mandarin language, in China will be explored with the social, culture, and political issues that have influence the changes. A history and pattern of language used in China- starting from the days of language in the imperial court, to the communist revolution during Mao’s regime, until the language and speech pattern in the twenty first century era- will be explored throughout the essay. This essay will also feature the analysis of the dwindling standard style language by the Han dynasty into the widespread official speech from north China, which became the basis for the Standard Chinese in the modern days. Speech pattern and the underlying social reformation of the Red Guards, due to the shift of political power in the bourgeoisie and proletarians society of China’s population will be explored as well. The success of the implementation of a single national language by the government of China throughout the country will be mentioned. Finally, how and why the language in China has differed greatly from one era to another will be analyzed in the essay, especially the power reason behind the changes in China’s language system.
In the days of the imperial court, the usage of language in China was mainly by the Han dynasty court, which is only used by the royalties and scholars. This way, it can be seen that to be able to read and write the standardized language signifies one’s social status. The social standing of a person during Han dynasty court is thr...
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...ch for Modern China, W. W. Norton, New York, pp. 575.
Tsang, C 1967, 'The red guards and the great proletarian cultural revolution', Comparative Education, 3, 3, pp. 195-205, Education Research Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 29 March 2014.
Vogel, E 2011, Deng Xiaoping and the transformation of China, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Wang, N, Wen, J & Su, X (trs), ‘Twentieth-century debates on Chinese characters and research on Chinese characters in the coming century’, Social Sciences in China 20, no.1 (Spr 1999) pp. 134-145.
Yang, D 1996, Calamity and reform in China: state, rural society, and institutional change since the great leap famine, Stanford University Press, Stanford, California.
Zhan, K 1992, The strategies of politeness in the Chinese language, Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley.
While in China a similar problem became evident, the farmers of China began to notice the deterioration of agriculture and while they had no money because the lack of food they were also being pushed off their lands by the Qing (Bulliet, Crossley, Hedrick, Hirsch, Johnson, and Northrup).... ... middle of paper ... ... Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2007.
Gittings, John. The Changing Face of China: From Mao to market. Oxford University Press, 2005.
Schoenhals, Michael. China's Cultural Revolution, 1966-1969: Not a Dinner Party. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1996. Print.
The negative circumstances surrounding China in the 19th century were critical in driving masses out of the country. For one thing, China is no stranger to droughts, in fact “The four famines of 1810, 1811, 1846 & 1849 are reported to have killed no fewer than 45 million people in China over a 39-year period” (Barnes, 2011). The droughts across parts of the mainland during the 1840’s had left farmlands badly infertile and arid. Lack of rain caused provinces such as Guangxi and Henen to suffer crippling famines, leaving many malnourished and/or dead. The unpreparedness ...
China has gone through many changes in its history. Changes include economic, political, and social. In the early 1500 and throughout history, mostly all social classes followed Confucianism. Confucianism is a type of religion based on an ideal society (Chang 2012, 22). China was molded though Confucianism but that slowly deteriorated as years went on. One main group that has been a main part in these changes is the Chinese literati. The Chinese literati include the higher-class people such as officials and scholars. The Chinese literati were the dominant social class during the 1500’s but their power slowly decreased throughout history. Throughout my paper, I will explain the Chinese literati involvement as centuries passed.
Douglas Reynolds, China, 1898-1912: The Xinzheng Revolution and Japan. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993.
Programs such as collectivization and land reformation were essentially a microcosm of Mao's impact on China. Under the policy of collectivization, the government promoted cooperative farming and redistributed the land on the principle that the product of labor could be better distributed if the la...
...entions and reflection” (2009). Previously mentioned Chinese Renaissance on the first use of vernacular writing is very important as well as the use of Chinese patriotism (Li, 2014).
Chiu-sam, Tsang. "The Red Guards and the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution." Comparative Education 3, no. 3 (June 1967): 195-205. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3097988.
Artifact B Historical Records on Qin Shihuang’s creation of China is perhaps the most predictive of the subsequent Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution during the 1950-60’s. Hessler shows that by the Qin Shihuang’s standardization and acts like writing a new history when he rose to power, the effects are still lasting in the modern government. Mao Zedong had disrupted the regime and turned to communism, restructuring many policies that resulted in an insular China. Like how Qin Shihuang standardized the Chinese language, “Mao commanded that a number of characters be simplified, and he hoped to replace them with an alphabet” (228). Simplifying the language was not the only controversial policy that Mao Zedong instilled, and there was general unrest throughout the country that culminated in the Tiananmen Square protests.
The United States and China are two very large countries that have cultures that are well known throughout the world. There are many differences between the United States and China, but there are many contributing factors that shape the cultures of these two countries. Language is universal, but there are different meanings and sounds, which vary from one culture to another. In China, citizens speak many languages, but about 94% speak the Chinese language. The difference in dialects was overcome by the written word and eventually a version of Mandrin became the “official speech” (The Cambridge Illustrated History of China, 1996, p.304).
Tianjin, as known as one of the four cities administered directly by central government of China, is becoming a modern metropolis in the north costal area of China. However, Tianjin dialect, being unique and unaffected by any of other neighbor dialects, is often regarded as a cultural thing. I am going to talk about my experiences as a Tianjiner. Furthermore, several opinions and reviews are provided from my point of view.
?Red Guards? was a title given to people belonging to many different social groups: workers, peasants, demobilized soldiers and students. A vast majority of the people in this group were youngsters in their mid-teens, who were summoned at their middle schools by Mao. The Red Guard youth soon turned from obedient to rebellious students. Red Scarf Girl is a novel based on truth, terror and courage during the Cultural Revolution. The following excerpt discusses about the hundreds of wall posters the young Red Guard?s wrote, which discriminated against teachers, and members of their community.
Zhao, S., (2003), ‘Political Liberalization without Democratization: Pan Wei’s proposal for political reform’ Journal of Contemporary China, 12(35): 333–355.
Wei-Wei Zhang. (2004). The Implications of the Rise of China. Foresight, Vol. 6 Iss: 4, P. 223 – 226.