Introduction:
As wireless communication and multimedia applications are increasing at a rapid pace and there is need to meet the requirements a better standard for communication is developed titled LTE. With the release of various versions over the years shows a continuous enhancement in the framework standard. This paper discusses about the advent of LTE into the mobile and wireless communication universer and the need for it. The various features and technical aspects are also discussed. With features such as closed subscriber group, self-organising networks, location services, enhancement cell ID and Multimedia Broadcast services this is a standard which pretty much became the norm. Technologies such as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and Multiple-Input Multiple-Output(MIMO) which were instrumental in the evolution to the LTE-Advanced are also discussed.
scalable multiple transmission bandwidths are supported by LTE including one for the packet-switching (PS) mode. Whereby, all traffic flows are provided in the PS domain . The data rate is 100 Mbps in the DL and 50 Mbps in the UL. The throughput and spectrum efficiency are a big improvement from regular HSDPA and USUPA. The average cell spectral efficiency is similar to capacity and the cell edge user throughput is 5% of the CDF of user throughput and both are really important. to mitigate the performance between the vicinity of the cell site and cell edge the throughput plays a big part along with latency reduction. One is the control plane latency, i.e. connection setup latency, the other one is the user plane latency
i.e. transfer delay in RAN. achieved by the specified radio interface achieved the requirements and targets. the inherent robust...
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...evolved packet system (EPS).
The 3GPP LTE defines the basic functionality of a new, high-performance air interface providing high user data rates in combination with low latency.
Conclsoin :
We have noticed how the LTE came about and later it got evolved into LTE – Advanced. These both offer very high speed access to the internet allowing for easy working of various applications involving voice calls, video calls, etc. The main reason for this evolution are the increased data rates, spectrum efficiency and coverage, reduced latency. Various features of the LTE are also studied and their usefulness. We also studied the secrity features and the various vulnerabilities in the 4G LTE networks. In essence LTE basically set into motion the increased usage of mobile and wireless communications in modern day-to-day activities but there is still space for improvement.
On March 8th 2012, C Spire Wireless released details that it would roll out 4G LTE services by September 2012. The investment made by the company is $60 million and they would cover 2700 miles, a population of 1.2 million and more than 360 cell sites in 20 Mississippi markets, most of whom are first time consumers who have access to this high speed technology [1]. Its LTE service was officially launched in September 2012 [3]. An LTE net...
Last phase is data exchange. In data exchange, client and server exchanges the data by creating one or more data channels. In each channel, flow is control using window space available. There are 3 stages of the life of the channel: open channel, data transfer and close channel. One the channel is open by either of the party, data is transferred and then channel is closed by either of the party [3].
Analysis of the Environment of the Mobile Network System Executive Summary 3 Glossary of Abbreviations 4 Introduction 5 Recent History
The entire history of cellular and wireless has been oriented around delivering better service at a higher throughput. Although speeds vary depending on what you are loading, your distance from your cell tower, the phase of the moon and what time and what side of the bed you get out of, Generally 4G speeds are around 1-3 Mega bits per second.
The wireless communications industry is perhaps matched only by the personal computer field in the rate at which new products and features are being introduced to the marketplace. What was once a novelty, used primarily by businesses, has now become commonplace among the masses. Today, cellular phones are owned by more than 114 million Americans according the Cellular Telecommunications & Internet Association reports . One of the advantages of having a cellular/mobile phone is that time spent commuting, caught up in traffic and traveling could now be productive. In addition, it increases the sense of security for people driving alone or concerned about vehicle breakdowns.
In a fast-moving industry, it is important to find out what clients prefer today, but 3G must also research their future requirements. It must also frequently research new technologies in this way it will stay at the forefront of the field and retain market leadership. 3G is a developing technology and the greatest benefits are likely to come in the next couple of years.
This wireless movement has been fueled by the rise and advancement of the cellular phone. Before cellular phones were common in personal and business use, a person had to be in a specific place at the time a call was placed to receive the phone call or message. Cellular phones gave the user to the ability to make and receive calls at any location. The first truly portable cellular phone was sold by Motorola in 1983, costed $3,900, was bulky, and could only place and receive basic phone calls (marwalla, 2010). This was impractical for most consumers and businesses at the time. However, innovation and advances in technology allowed manufacturers to continuously improve all aspects of the cell phone. Cell phones became “smarter”, packing more features into a smaller space and becoming increasingly affordable. The correlating evolution of broadband wireless internet and cellular data network have also attributed to the advancement.
4G enterprise branch networking platform with integrated LTE Advanced (Cat 6) modem and Wi-Fi for all North American carriers
Compare the pros and cons of 3G and 4G technologies to determine the best uses of 3G and 4G technologies in today’s applications.
The very first iPhone was announced by the founder of Apple, Steve Jobs, in 2007. His vision was to reinvent the phone. iPhones have revolutionized smartphones and have shaped the cell phone industry into what it is today. On January 9, 2007, Steve Jobs put together an incredible keynote presentation. He stated that he would be “introducing a wide-screen ipod with touch controls, a revolutionary mobile phone, and a breakthrough Internet device” (Ritchie, 2015). The audience assumed that this meant that Mr. Jobs would be launching three separate devices. However, it was only one device, the iPhone. Within the past 7 years, Apple has been able to tweak its iPhones by incorporating major redesigns. These redesigns use combinations
This paper is going to discuss wireless security from a broad view where I will go into why wireless security is so important, especially today as the ways in which we communicate is changing dramatically. From there I will discuss the multiple wireless security options that are available to give a better understanding of the options given. Then I will go into why exactly not protecting your wireless can be so dangerous with some descriptions on the most dangerous wireless attacks out there today. Finally, I will then discuss how we can better prepare for these types of attacks with a synopsis on several effective security methods that will help to ensure data is securely passed and kept hidden. Wireless is everywhere today whether at home working from your WIFI network to work where you might be linked to a wireless network or even through your phone through a 3G or 4G network to connect to an open wireless network.
Since the invention of the cell phones, in 1973, it has quickly become the most popular device used especially today during the twenty-first century. Due to its hands-free-easy-to-use design, the amount of people that own a cell phone is rapidly increasing. The useful text messaging feature has proved to be extremely useful in current times. Along with these helpful features, the cell phone is easily accessible and more portable. The majority of phone companies offer a 3G or 4G data plan, meaning internet access can be found on your phone almost anywhere, at any time. In addition to its easy portability, the cell phone is a very useful and helpful device, allowing one to stay connected to the outer world. “With a smartphone, you can connect to the Web from virtually anywhere. You ...
Synchronization: The receiver is able to determine when a signal begins to arrive and when it has finished. It must also know the duration of the each signal.
However, smart-phone’s rapidly multiplying popularity was and is a sharp contrast to its relatively lax security. This makes the smart-phone user an attractive target for cyber attackers. As per the reports, smart-phones have out sold PCs, and this expanding market of smart-phones is conveniently being exploited by the attackers. They have been merging the old techniques with new tricks to attack the smart mobile devices. Total number of attacks on mobile phones along with the sophistication involved is increasing every day, but the counter-measures to prevent these attacks are slow to catch up.
Within a few years, there will be well over a billion mobile phone users worldwide and the majority of mobile phones will be connected to the Internet.