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Critical Thinking and Problem Solving
Methods of critical thinking
Critical Thinking and Problem Solving
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Rev. Jerry Falwell utilized conditional syllogism of affirmation, modus ponens, in order to lead his readers to his conclusion. In doing so, Falwell used evidentiary induction, argument from authority, and avoided the use of the non sequitur fallacy.
Falwell used conditional syllogism of affirmation, modus ponens, to appeal to deductive logic. The major premise of this particular syllogism was if Tinky Winky is gay, then parents should not allow their children to watch The Teletubies. The minor premise affirmed the conditional clause of the major premise. Latterly, the conclusion being, therefore conscientious parents should not allow their children to watch The Teletubies, affirmed the second clause of the major premise.
Evidentiary induction
was used by Rev. Jerry Falwell in order to draw a conclusion about the sexual orientation of Tinky Winky, although, not each particular detail is not completely conclusive. For instance, Tinky Winky had been carrying a purse, a common female accessory, which may have been for its rightful female owner. Additionally, the color purple that was assigned, to Tinky Winky, may have been for reasons completely isolated from the gay pride movement. Perhaps the shape of a triangle, the gay pride symbol, was selected for Tinky Winky because it is one of the most basic shapes for children to learn. Although Falwell used these details to convey his conclusion, there is still an unlikely possibility that all of this evidence may indeed be coincidental. This amount of evidence and the very details of this evidence points towards the conclusion that Tinky Winky was intentionally made a gay character. Falwell utilized argument from authority to make his conclusion about Tinky Winky being gay seem more convincing. To illustrate, a Washington Post editorial made it appear as though Tinky Winky was the new chief national gay representative instead of Ellen DeGeneres. Being that the Washington Post is a well-respected source and printed in a very forward thinking community, numerous people read it and may have been convinced that Tinky Winky was indeed gay. Therefore a large number of people probably believed that Tinky Winky was intended to be a gay character. The non sequitur fallacy was not committed, by Falwell, to justify his conclusion. The major premise had two clauses that have a genuine relationship. If Tinky Winky is gay, clause one, has a direct influence on clause two, if Falwell would like parents to not allow their children to watch The Teletubies. These two clauses are directly related because Falwell needed to not ruin the formal validity of a deduction by modus ponens when addressing such a controversial subject.
The reasoning pitfall of hasty generalization appears in Arthur Miller’s The Crucible when Danforth questions Proctor’s need for a lawyer. Danforth
...not have believed him wholeheartedly because the President of the convention might have been previously biased from another’s opinion. Knowledge of the audience becomes one of the things that aide Edwards in delivering a more convincing argument.
Politicians frequently receive negative publicity at the hand of their own use of language. Their uses of words as they relate to persuasion typically fall within one of the three dimensions of language functions, semantic or thematic. Often their persuasive language can be found to closely resemble any of these three categories simultaneously. There are many tools for analyzing persuasive symbols, many of which should be utilized when analyzing great communicators such as President Ronald Reagan. In response to the Space Shuttle Challenger explosion on January 28th, 1986 where seven brave American’s gave their lives. President Ronald Reagan made history with his famous speech, which didn’t only serve to address the great tragedy, but served as a focal point of comfort for the grieving nation. He commemorated the seven heroes who had fallen that morning in route to outer space; he expressed gratitude to NASA for their past developments and encouraged further explorations. Ronald Reagan was a great communicator, a charismatic persuader whose words delivered focus of the message through utilization of persuasive symbols. This paper aims not to be an all-inclusive guide for analyzing persuasive symbols, but will sufficiently guide the reader to be a more perceptive of persuasive language.
Throughout American history, important, credible individuals have given persuasive speeches on various issues to diverse audiences.
Orwell’s rule and Gladstone’s bias both apply to Chris Pleasance’s report about the Kim Davis. Pleasance reports that a current social issue, which Kim Davis, a country clerk, uses religious liberty to defend for herself. Undoubtedly, Kim Davis becomes a national spotlight across the nation. In the article, Pleasance points out that “since
For instance, Alexander supports her argument by telling the story of Jarvious Cotton, his father could not vote because of the voting poll taxes and literacy test back in the Jim Crow era, and now as a felon and currently in parole, he is being denied the right to vote (alexander 1). Alexander, using this story as an example perfectly fulfills and persuades the reader into her argument, that even through time, the similarity of discrimination is the same between mass incarceration and Jim Crow, where the U.S. criminal justice system deprives them of the right to vote. Therefore, Alexander also mentions an example about mass incarceration. For instance, the story of Drake, a Vietnam veteran, who spend five years in jail and as 2004 elections arrived, his voting rights were under a $900 dollar fine (Alexander 159). This example successfully convinces the reader Alexander did not only gave an example where the Jim Crow law took place, but also included a recent alike situation where the similarities are not quite
Doing so, he had the citizens of America think of how the government is violating their rights and making them oppose against the government. He created rhetorical devices like: the appeal to logic, appeal to emotion, and juxtaposition. Giving the rhetorical technique to have people believe that the government has been taking away all of their rights has been an effective outcome because it was encouraging citizens to think that they’re better off with a smaller and less powerful government. The speech he constructed in all was an impactful speech to the people of America because the way he handles his words to have America think they’re making the country a better place, but slowly making the government become a capitalist
Both Moore’s and Gatto’s methods of argumentation are efficient although may prove ineffective in convincing some critical readers.
Doubt as an instinct embedded in persuasion transcends common rhetoric as it moves beyond the rational sphere of intellect into the domain of unbridled emotions. For this reason, and also because it was with an intention to explore persuasion beyond conventional notions that we set out to study the use of doubt in the first place, it is impossible and indeed unnecessary to encapsulate the skill of persuading with doubt within any sort of generalising guidelines. To subject this practice to prescriptive limits is to sever its lifeline-the vital element of spontaneity that moves with circumstances. As Lee lamented, "sometimes, history takes many devious turns"; it was exactly through one such quirk of history that his speech in 1965 achieved such astonishing payoffs ("Press" 9).
He uses many effective appeals such as, ethos, pathos, logos, and Kairos. The first appeal he used was ethos. He stated how unethical abortion is by stating that "Until the child in the womb is visible, the Supreme court has determined
These injustices have begun long before Tom’s trial, but it is his trial which epitomizes the problems with our society. The first witness was simply just a misguided fellow named Heck Tate who it seems didn’t have much to offer to the case. Next, Atticus Finch called Bob Ewell to the stand. When I saw Ewell take the stand such a fierce hatred rose within me that I began to shake and tremble. Ewell wrongfully accused Tom of raping his daughter Mayella, however, with the grace of God, Atticus Finch had shown that it was very possible that it was Bob Ewell who because he was a lefty could have beat Mayella. If it were not for great men like Atticus Finch I would have lost all hope for this world. As I watched Mayella take the stand I wondered how such a kind looking person could be someone of such poor character. Her words seemed to paint a picture of a sad life; one where a father neglects her and she has fallen under hard times. Atticus, after pointing out it was probably Bob who beat her, asked Mayella who it really was that beat her. Mayella made it clear it was Tom Robinson, upon which Atticus asked Tom to stand. To the astonishment of the court Tom was handicapped! Tom was then called to the stand where he laid open for all to see the truth, explaining that it was Mayella who came on to him (that treacherous woman!). Soon enough the trial ended and every one awaited the verdict of the jury. The next few hours were the most nerve wracking of my life.
Secondly, if a claim is supported by persuasive evidences, it should be falsifiable as well. At least in theory there is an observation ...
justified in his belief that p at t if the belief is produced by some faculty
For example, in my included discussion posts and essays regarding the book Outliers, I identified biased and/or skewed evidence that Gladwell employed to make his arguments appear to be stronger than they were. Nevertheless, I still enjoyed Outliers despite Gladwell’s lack of strong evidence to support his claims. Additionally, I used critical thinking when I collected information from sources to compose my research report. For instance, in the “Research Limitations” section of my research report, I discussed biased and insufficient evidence from my sources. Withal it is important to think critically when conducting research because authors can attempt to manipulate readers’ thinking to persuade readers to take their side on a topic. In addition to thinking critically, citing legitimate sources, and unearthing biases I used Anthony Weston’s A Rulebook for Arguments to formulate correlations as I created my research
"Recognizing Propaganda Techniquesand Errors of Faulty Logic." Recognizing Propaganda--Guide to Critical Thinking--Academic Support. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2014. (RPTEOFL)