Internal validity of a research design is extremely important for the interpretation of results. There are various threats to internal validity in single-case designs (SCD) that Kratochwill (2010) discusses. Three threats of internal validity include selection, history, and maturation.
Selection refers to the participants selected for the study. If the participants characteristics are very different than it may affect the internal validity. Selection may affect SCDs that have two or more between-case intervention conditions that include groups. These groups could potentially change in size over time, affecting the grouping process. The size may change due to participants leaving the study, which could compromise how the treatment was understood
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The researchers do not know what may have occurred in the past to affect the treatment results, also during treatment a single outside event could affect the outcome of the study. Also, the participant or participants parents might be making other choices during time of treatment that may affect the outcome of the study in positive or negative ways (Kratochwill, 2010). If a participant was in the study due to lack of speech but also going to ABA therapy and speech classes during the time of the treatment, there would be now way to knowing if the outcome was due to the ABA, speech, or treatment intervention. Another internal validity threat is maturity of the participants. During a study, the participants may be going through natural maturity phases that could affect the intervention results. In SCDs research can be conducted over periods of time, such as; days, week, months, or even years, which allows participants time to change and mature overtime (Kratochwill, 2010). If a female starts in a treatment study at age 10 and continues on through age 13, she will likely be going through some major changes of puberty during that time that could have an affect on the internal validity of the treatment
The sampling procedures that can be utilized in evaluation research is vast. The selected sampling procedure is important in the consideration of external validity. External validity generalizes the findings to individuals in the study sample with characteristics that are alike (DiClemente et al., 2013). Although, not all research studies will require a sampling procedure that would deliver an external validity.
Likewise, in order to validate construct validity, Malhotra et al. (2012) recommends that in conducting research, researchers should use multi versus single-item scales to validate data from experiments, depending upon the complexity of the experiment. Malhotra et al. (2012) also recommends using a step-by-step approach ...
We would visit the garden in the school and finally, watch a video with audio on plants. I will use mixed ability grouping for group activities for the students to identify plant types by the leaves and discuss among each other each type. The long time learning activities for the class will be for the student to learn how to plant, water, give nutrition to plant by planting a beans in a pot and we all watch it grow. The students Knowledge will be accessed by giving the students the option of either search the internet for more facts about plant and write a short paragraph about what they learned, or draw and label a picture of a plant and taking a quiz they discuss their answer in
...hers developed and should be used for further investigation of the issue. There were some limitations that should have been examined, however, to make this experiment more effective. One concern is that the sample allocation was not random, because people were able to choose which group they wanted to be in. These individuals could have picked the immediate intervention group because they care more about their health than others in the community. Another issue was the dada analysis because the groups were so vastly different in size and the delayed group did not give an adequate amount of demographic information for comparison. Yet, the researchers did a good job in ethical considerations by guiding their experiment with the principles of principlism. They also had a clear purpose of the research and what problem they were trying to identify and find a solution for.
Social workers can use a single-subject design with a client to evaluate whether or not a certain intervention is achieving the desired outcome. The first step when utilizing a single subject design in clinical practice is to obtain the client’s baseline. A baseline is a control phase or the measurement of the client’s mental status or behavior before the intervention (cite textbook). One common single-subject design model is the ABA. This model includes one baseline phase (A), one intervention phase (B) and another baseline phase (B). The purpose of this design in social work practice is to help the social worker determine the effectiveness of the intervention on the
Experimental designs are viewed as the most accurate, and most demanding of research designs, requiring strict attention to rules and procedures. Researchers use these research designs to manipulate and control testing procedures as a way to understand a cause and effect relationship. Commonly, independent variables are manipulated to judge or decide their effect on a dependent variable (Trochim & Donnelly, 2008).
This article hasn’t provided an introduction; however a lengthy summary of the study which identifies the problem, purpose and rationale for the research study has been provided in the background. The introduction should give the reader a general sense of what the document is about, and preferably persuade the reader to continue reading. This prepares the reader for reading the rest of the document (Burns & Grove, 2001 p.636; Nieswiadomy, 2008 p.380; Stockhausen and Conrick, 2002).
Longitudinal design was used in this study to monitor the same participants over six months. A threat to the validity of this design can be drop out of participants. This can be attributed to the length of a longitudinal study. However in this study researchers were successful at maintaining all participants. The researchers asked all participants in advance if they could commit to all four sessions and if they could not then they were not used as part of the study. Therefore, all 188 participants selected completed the entire program (Kazemi et al., 2013).
A researcher uses an experiment to scientifically test out a hypothesis. In an experiment there are many different factors that are involved. There is the independent variable, which is the cause, it is the one that is being manipulated, and the dependent variable, which is the effect, is the response. When conducting a experiment it is important to make sure that the only thing than can affect the dependent variable is the independent variable. This is known as internal validity. Using random assignment to separate the participants into groups helps eliminate any outside factors, and creates an equal chance for all participants to be apart of the experimental conditions. There are many pros and cons to this type of method. The experimental method creates a strong control of the variables involved in the experiment, which allows an easier determination on cause and effect. If needed, it is fairly easy to replicate an experiment and is less time consuming than other research methods. However there are many downfalls as well. When conducting an experiment the setting of where the experiment is taking place is more artificial which may cause certain behaviors that wouldn’t occur in real life. This is known as external validity, which is the measure of how much the results of a study can be generalized and used in different situations, and people. To improve external validity cover stories are created when conducting experiments so the participants are not aware of what is really going on, or experiments are done in a natural setting as opposed to in a laboratory. However, this creates less control over confounding variables that can affect the experiment, which can create bias results (Aronson,
In this data collection process this allows comparison of more than one group or sample to be evaluated at one time (Astramovich, & Coker, 2007). While performing a program evaluation, a longitudinal study would be most appropriate for this type of population group. Nonetheless research of this type may be considered a quasi-experimental research design. , due to the length of time invested with this research. This research design is a longer observation of time when research involves people (Shadish, Cook, Campbell, 2002).
Now within the rest of this paper you will be finding a few different things getting discussed. Staring it off we will be discussing the articles that we have found to make our arguments and hypotheses. After wrapping up the literature reviews we will be discussing the hypotheses thus continuing onto our variables and indicators. Once we discuss our hypotheses we will be moving onto the research design. The research design will have our general issues, sampling, and methods.
This article aims to probe the normative dilemma that hangs over the common??? law adjudication whether 'like cases' always be decided in the same way or not . To achieve this, firstly, it should be considered whether there is any reasons to treat precedents as binding for the similar cases and secondly, if not, what impact it would bring in the legal system as well as in the society. By treating ‘like cases’ alike will give foundation to the notion of justice which confirms that justice has served one of its main purpose of establishing distinct ethical virtue.
This article review forms part of a report, the intention of this literature is to review five articles namely; “Socially Responsive design: Thinking beyond the triple bottom line to socially responsive and sustainable product design” by Gavin Melles, Ian de Vere & Vanja Misic, published in 2011, CoDesign, Vol. 7, No. 2-4, “A “Social Model” of Design: Issues of Practice and Research” By Victor Margolin and Sylvia Margolin, published in 2002, MIT Press, Vol. 18, No.4, “Rethinking Design Policy in the Third World” by Sulfikar Amir, published in 2004, MIT Press, Vol. 20, No. 4, “Design for Children’s Behaviours in Daycare Playgrounds” By Nathan H. Perkins and George Antoniuk, published in 1999, Alexandrine Press, Vol. 25, No. 1, lastly “The Politics of the Artificial” By Victor Margolin, Published in 1995, MIT Press, Vol. 28, No. 5. By reviewing these articles this paper will expose the social responsibilities of a ‘product’ designer, by looking into the history and context of social design. This paper will further bring forth the “ideal” characteristics of a socially responsible ‘product’ designer, and look into participatory design as a methodology for the socially responsible design process.
Internal validity is the design, construct validity is the measure, and external validity is the expanded sample application of the study research (Trochim, Donnelly & Arora, 2016).
The weakness of this design is that unfortunately not everyone will receive the treatment. Another weakness is that it will be challenging to get the social workers to meet with the therapist once a week, because social worker are extremely busy. A Strength to this design is that there is a control group. Control groups are extremely important because it allows the research to track its progress while the study is going on. Threats to internal validity