Instrumental Behavior Techniques

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Recommended: Hostage negotiation process

According to special agent Gary W. Noesner, who is a chief negotiator with the FBI, when dealing with a hostage situation and responding to the hostage taker or barricaded subject the negotiator has been trained to use one or two types of behavior, Instrumental or Expressive. Negotiators usually look at the behavioral, criminal, and psychological distinctiveness of the hostage takers involved in the situations to decide whether they should be handled as instrumental or expressive. When involved in this type of situation the negotiator is facing crisis situations that are unplanned and involve a barricade which occurs in the home by angry males in a domestic dispute, (Goodwill, Stephens, Oziel, Yapp, & Bowes, 2012). Instrumental behavior …show more content…

When dealing with this type of person they could be individual that are psychotic/emotionally disturbed, Schizophrenic Personality, - Bipolar Personality- Inadequate/Dependent personality, - Antisocial Personality, Borderline Personality. On the other hand, an expressive behavior is designed to enhance communication of the subject's frustration, passion, anger or feelings. The actions of the subject expressive mode appear illogical and highly emotional. Additionally, the critical incident itself can be of a self-destructive nature (Shulman, Steinberg, & Piquero, 2013). Primarily, even though the two different types of behaviors represent an opposite end of a continuum, subjects primarily acquire elements of both types when an incident occurs. For instance, while predominantly slides between the continuum of instrumental and expressive, this makes it difficult to respond law enforcement personnel to develop a negotiation strategy (Goodwill, Stephens, Oziel, Yapp, & Bowes, …show more content…

This especially includes behavior such as debating the ideology of the terrorist group involved, arguing with the hostage-takers or becoming physically challenging toward the hostage-takers (Poland 1999: 27). The relationship that develops is one of annoyance, hate, and resentment on the part of the captors. The usual outcome of this relationship between hostage and hostage-taker is quite different from that of the Stockholm Syndrome—a captor may come to dislike a hostage so intensely that at first opportunity he eliminates him (e.g. kills him) (Antokol 1990:

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