Discuss innate immunity. Provide a through overview of the first, second and third line pf defense; physical, mechanical and biochemical barriers; epithelial cells, mast cells, and lymphocytes. What is innate immunity? Innate immunity is a human defense mechanisms that the body acquire at birth to fight off infections and help out with the healing process when the body in injured. The first line of defense consists of barriers on the surface of the skin, which is nothing but normal flora of the body. This enables the body to fight off infections. The second line of defense consists of inflammation at the site of injury or infection. During this line of defense job is to stop the injury from spreading to other tissues. This line of …show more content…
Signs and symptoms of an acute inflammation attack are pain, swelling, heat and redness. During a systemic acute attack the signs and symptoms differ to fever, increase in white blood cells and an increase in the number of plasma proteins. Chronic is inflammation that last longer than two weeks no matter what the cause may be for the inflammation. Chronic inflammation is a result of the acute inflammation unable to get rid of the microorganism by the macrophages and lymphocytes. The body keeps sending more macrophage and lymphocytes as they die off adding to the pus at the site of injury. Discuss the classes of Immunoglobin. Compare and contrast Humoral and Cell mediated immunity. What is a Cell Mediated immune response (include T-cell recognition, T-lymphocytes function, and …show more content…
There are fewer levels on immunoglobins or totally absent immunoglobins. An example is a IgA deficiency this deficiency produces other immunoglobins but not IgA which leads to an allergen uptake and promote challenges for the immune system. Another example is the Bruton aggammoglobulhemia which is blocked development of mature b cells in the tissue. T lymphocyte is also considered failure to thrive which means that there is no growth. This deficiency is a defect in the development and function of the cell mediated immunity with antibody production diminished. An example would be chronic mucosoutenaus candidiasis when a t- cell cannot respond to a infection agent. In the DiGeorge Syndrome there is a a partial or lack of the thymus making the production of T- cells very low or none at all. Discuss the role of the immune system The role of the immune system is to try to maintain the bodies at a state where there are no injuries and foreign antibodies that enter the body. When one system fails it always has a backup and it continue to fight until it is at the point where it cannot fight any longer. The main job of the immune system is to keep the good things and the bad out by sending signals if something does not look right for something to go check it out. What is the concept of
The immunologic events that are happening at the local level during Carlton's acute inflammatory response would be:
“Immune Response: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia.” National Library of Medicine - National Institutes of Health. Web. 18 Dec. 2011. .
Organisms have three types of immunity: innate. adaptive, and passive. Innate immunity is common among all organisms and reacts the same to all pathogenic infections. Innate immunity includes protective layers of the body, such as the skin and mucous membranes in the nose and throat. Adaptive immunity is the second type of immunity. Adaptive immunity develops throughout an organism’s life. An example of this is the lymphocytes, which develop when an organism is exposed to diseases or through vaccination (with some exceptions). Passive immunity is borrowed from another source and lasts for a short period of time, for example, antibodies in a woman's breast milk, which help prevent their young offspring from acquiring infections in their early years. An example of this in snakes is their tolerance to their own venom, which they are exposed to early in life which prevents them from dying if exposed later.
1. What is the difference between Introduction 2. What is the difference between History 3. What is the difference between a's Planning / Preparation 4.
Within the in the bodies immune system there are two lines of defense. The first line of defenser being is the non-specific innate immunity. Non-specific immunity repels all microorganisms equally (John H. Humphrey, 2014). The second line of defense is the immune response. The immune response goes after specific invaders. Each line of defense works differently but together they work to keep the body health, and clear of pathogens that are harmfull. The body takes chronological steps to maintain its defenses. The first step being the first line defense. These can include the mucus membranes and the skin. Next is the second line of defense, these come from the non-specific defense sytem. Once pathogens pass through the first line of defense the second line of defense responds in turn through processes of inflammatory response and fever. If both the first and second defenses are incapable of containing the pathogen then a third line of defense is activated. The third line of defense being a specific immune response. Specific pathogens are attacked through the specific immune response by the process of B-cell production of antibodies, which attack the virus or bacteria in extra-cellular fluid (Martini & Nath, 2009). Lastly T-cells proceed to kill the infected cells. The T-cell as well as the B-cell can both be located in the lymph nodes of the
The Integumentary system protects the body from infections and regulates temperature. It also, protects your body living organs. The integumentary system helps to get rid of waste and sensation plays a big role in this system. It plays as your touch. It plays as your pain and your pressure.
All organ system work together; in order to keep and support the conditions that the cells, tissues, and organs need to function properly. Each organ system has an important function in the body. There is one system that is not as well known as other; it is the integumentary system. Most people know the organs of the integumentary system, but they do not know that these organs work together to form this system.
Inflammation is the body’s response to injury. Inflammation is a protective attempt by the body to attempt to remove harm and to initiate the healing process. Inflammation occurs with a few minutes of the incident up to a few hours after depending on the severity of the injury.
The immune system is composed of two parts, the innate and acquired, which respond to antigens present in the body. The innate side is the first line of defense against antigens and matures in the thymus. An antigen that produces an immune response are called immunogens (Delves and Roitt, 2000). A mechanism used in defense by the innate side is inflammation, cytokines in this process that are pro-inflammatory include IL-1ß, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha (Meyer, 2013). The acquired side is slower in response and matures in the bone marrow. Both cells start in the bone marrow, but T-cells migrate to the thymus, as thymocytes, at an early stage to finish maturation; if the thymocytes do no complete their journey to the thymus they die by performing apoptosis (Parkin and Cohen,
This organ assists the body in the fight against infection by utilizing the lymphocytes and macrophages, which are white blood cells. Together the lymphocytes and macrophages attempt to destroy and overcome foreign matter, dead tissue, and bacteria by blood filtration. The spleen has two types of tissue a white and red pulp. The lymphocytes are produced for protection of the immune system by the white pulp. The spleen’s storage reservoir and filtering system for blood is actions of the red pulp. The white and red pulps are incasing in the spleen surrounded by mass of lymph and blood
Phagocytosis acts a second line of protection. According to Tortora, Funke & Case phase one, in the phases of phagocytosis, is chemotaxis and adherence of microbe to phagocyte. Phase two, is the ingestion of microbe by phagocyte. Phase three, is the formation of a phagosome. Phase four, is the fusion of the phagosome with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome. Phase five, is the digestion of ingested microbe by enzymes. Phase six, is the formation of residual body containing indigestible material. Phase seven, is the discharge of waste materials. Granulocytes and agranulocytes are both phagocytes. Granulocytes consist of neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils, which has visible granules inside the cytoplasm. Agranulocytes have granules in the interior of their cytoplasm, but they are not visible under the light microscope after the
The first line of defense used in the immune system is physical barriers. The first physical barrier is the skin. The skin has sebum (oil) which is on the skin’s surface making it acidic and making many pathogens unable to grow on it. Sweat also contains special enzymes to attack bacteria, killing it, and making it unable to spread. The second physical barrier is Mucus Membranes which covers majority of internal body structures making it hard for pathogens to affect these systems. It also produces a thick fluid called mucus that traps pathogens before they start in infect. The second line of defense is when pathogens make it past the physical barriers causing your
The immune system is the human body’s defense system. This system fights against pathogens. Pathogens are viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and parasite worms that cause disease. The skin of the human body is our best defense, against these things
The immune system is the body’s defense against infectious organisms and other invaders. Through a series of steps called the immune response, the immune system attacks organisms and substances that invade body systems and cause disease. The immune system is made up of a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body. When it comes to children versus adults; for instance an infant and an elderly person don 't have a strong immune system, while a young adult they have the strongest immune system. Therefore, the top 5 childhood illness are chickenpox, croup, diarrhea, measles, and mumps. For each illness there are always prevention care for a child to be healthy.
Innate is a defense you are born with and is nonspecific. Its job is to detect, deflect, and destroy. The innate immune system deals with stuff we were born with such as: external barricades like skin and mucus membrane, as well as, internal defenses like phagocytes, natural killer cells, and antimicrobial proteins. The first step in the innate immune system stats with the physical barrier—your skin, which keeps out vengeful microorganism. As longs as the skin doesn’t get beat up too much. But if so no worries, we also have our mucous membrane as a physical barrier which lines the cavities that are exposed to the outside world. These physical barriers also offer chemical protection as well, acid from skin, mucin that forms mucus, microbiota