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Introduction
There have been several studies that argue on the real measurement of economic development. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is presently the main indicator for economic development. In fact, the World Bank (2004) has defined economic development as the qualitative change and restructuring in a country's economy and the main indicator of economic development is increasing Gross Domestic Product (GDP). While this may remain valid and acceptable, considering that World Bank has a huge reputation and influence around the globe, the financial organization has failed to indicate another possible index of measurement for economic development – the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR).
Several researchers contend that the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) should be a basis in determining the country’s economic status. These two methods differ in many ways. Each mentioned index has respective processes to follow and to come up with an accurate data and is used in their respective rights. Infant mortality rate is basically mentioned in health and demography while GDP more on financial and economics world. As such, it frequently has been used as a method of comparing levels of social and economic well-being among different nations and among different areas of the same nation.
This paper will discuss two major points. First is to discuss the significant relationship between IMR and economic development. Second would be to identify the lacunae of IMR as a measurement for a country’s general economic status.
Discussion
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is defined by the United Nations (UN) as the probability of dying between birth and exact age 1. It is expressed as average annual deaths per 1,000 births. Roberts (1973) cited an annual report on Inf...
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...uharb, R., & Kimball, A. (2007). A New Dataset on Infant Mortality Rates. Journal of Peace Research, 44(6), 743-754. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/27640598
Derryberry , M., & Van Buskirk, E. (1936). HealthThe Significance of Infant Mortality Rates. Public Health Reports (1896-1970), 51(18), 545-551. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/4581821
Roberts, R. (1973). Modernization and Infant Mortality in Mexico. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 21(4), 655-669. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1152695
The World Bank Group (2004). Beyond Economic Growth Student Book. Glossary. Retrieved from http://www.worldbank.org/depweb/english/beyond/global/glossary.html
World Health Organization (2013). Infant Mortality. Global Health Observatory (GHO). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/gho/urban_health/outcomes/infant_mortality_text/en/index.html
Infant mortality is considered a worldwide indicator of a nation’s health status. The United States still ranks 24th in infant mortality compared with other industrialized nations, even though infant mortality has declined steadily over the past several decades. Compared with the national average in 1996 of 7.2 deaths per 1,000 live births, the largest disparity is among blacks with a death rate of 14.2 per 1,000 in 1996 which is almost 2½ times that of white infants (6 deaths per 1,000 in 1996). American Indians as a whole have an infant death rate of 9 deaths per 1,000 in 1995, but some Indian communities have an infant mortality rate almost twice that of the national rate. The same applies to the Hispanic community, whose rate of 7.6 deaths per 1,000 births in 1995 doesn’t reflect the Puerto Rican community, whose rate was 8.9 deaths per 1,000 births in 1995.
In 1960 America was ranked 12th in the infant mortality rate among all other nations in the World and by 2005 we were ranked 30th. The United States distributes more vaccines to infants t...
Infanticide is a way to alter the reproductive stream before the child has the status of a real person, which is culturally defined (source). The deaths of weak, illegitimate, excess, deformed and unwanted infants are not defined as murder when the infants have not yet been born into the social world. Infanticide occurs cross-culturally for a multitude of causes. The reasons for infanticide can be summed up into three categories: biological (including the health of the child and twin stigmas), economical (relation to other children, women's workload, and available resources) and cultural (preferred gender, illegitimate children). This essay will examine cross-culturally the biological, economic and cultural factors for infanticide.
Life expectancy in many parts of the world has increased since 1800 (Life Expectancy by Age, n.d). To understand these changes we can study the demographic transition, the changes in birth and death rates over extended periods of time. The industrial revolution has significantly improved the conditions of humans and in 20th century death rates declined but the birth rates remained unchanged. In many of today’s developed countries both rates have declined; however, in developing countries, while death rates have declined due the improvements of living conditions, the birth rates are still high which has caused a record high population growth (HAUB & GRIBBLE, 2011).
Herein I briefly overview the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) within the United States. Initially, I discuss specific causes of infant death and then, contributing factors which put babies at risk. Next, the distribution of various IMR is surveyed on a state to state basis. States possessing the ten highest infant mortality rates are discussed, including possible reasons for higher IMR. In addition, those states with the ten lowest IMR are mentioned. In conclusion, I consider preventative measures for minimizing the number of babies that die each year.
When looking at how well a country is doing economically two good places to start are the health and prosperity of its people. Uruguay’s population growth is slowing and instances of infant and childhood mortality
Every day, 370,000 babies are born into this world- each having the potential to live a prosperous and productive life. Unfortunately, some of these tiny, fragile humans do not live until their first birthday. The death of infants within the first year of life is known as infant mortality. There are many contributing factors as to why infant mortality may be high or low in a specific area. In order to measure the amount of deaths that occur in a particular region, the number of newborns that die before the age of one year old per 1,000 live births are recorded and is known as the infant mortality rate in that society. Generally, the infant mortality rate of a country directly reflects on the health-care system provided. Unfortunately, in today’s world, a child dies every four seconds.
The Human Development Index rates each country with a score between 0 and 1, with 1 being the most advanced, globalized country. Factors that are involved in determining a country's HDI are gross domestic production per capita, life expectancy at birth, adult literacy, and the number of persons enrolled in educational institutions. In 1975, Peru's Human Development Index was 0.643. By 2003, the Human Development Index had risen more than one tenth to 0.762. The substantial increase in Peru's HDI is a clear indication that globalization has made a positive impact.
Though the use of child soldiers is a global concern, the highest numbers have been reported mainly in Africa and Asi...
O'Connor, P. (2008, October 18). US infant mortality rate now worse than 28 other countries. Retrieved June 9, 2010, from World Socialist Web Site: http://www.wsws.org/articles/2008/oct2008/mort-o18.shtml
Pinker, Steven. "Why they kill their newborns" New York Times Magazine 11 Feb. 1997: 52-55.
Storytelling is something that we’ve seen throughout the years. Up to a point I do agree with the authors concerns about mediated storytelling. For example, she explains how fully invested fans want to see every movie, buy every toy figure and be fully involved. “So, for example, fully invested fans of Star Wars would want to own every toy, see every film, read every related book, and become familiar with all the emerging media affiliated with it, such as video games, Facebook fan pages, and regional gatherings” (Wagner, 2012). This is true and each day more people will crave entry into it and pay more money. The reality is that the author does have good statements explaining how society is very dependent on social media and technology but
American academy of Pediatrics (AAP), (1999). US Vital Statistics show Death Rates down, Birth Rates up: http://www.aapaorg/advocacy/archives/decvital.htm
Ann Abercrombie mentioned that “Each year in the U.S., more than 500,000 babies are born prematurely and an estimated 28,000 children die before their first birthday”
Economic development typically involves improvements in a variety of indicators such as literacy rates, life expectancy, and poverty rates. Due to the fact that GDP alone does not take into account other aspects such as leisure time, environmental quality, freedom, or social justice; alternative measures of economic well-being have been proposed. Essentially, a country’s economic development is related to its human development, which encompasses, among other things, health and education. These factors are, however, closely related to economic growth so that development and growth often go together.