White in colour and is usually sold in crystallized pellets or powder, urea is widely used in the agricultural industry as fertilizers. This is due to the high nitrogen content of urea where it has around 46.67% as compared to other nitrogenous fertilizer where ammonium nitrate contains only 35.00% and ammonium sulphate 21.21%. This makes urea the highest amount of nitrogen per mass total among the three and is the lowest cost per pound nitrogen. (D.W. James, 2010)
Scientifically known as carbonyldiamide or carbonyldiamine, it is a nitrogenous organic compound with the molecular formula of (NH2)2CO as shown in Figure 1.1 below (NCBI, n.d.). While researching on human urine, urea was discovered by H.M. Roulle in 1773 and was first synthesized by a German scientist Friedrich Wohler in 1828 through a mistake when he was actually trying to synthesize ammonium cyanate (Arthur Greenberg, 2007). In the presence of hydrated air, urea has the characteristic smell of ammonia and is odourless in the presence of dry air (NCBI, n.d.). The chemical and physical properties of urea were summarized in Table 1.1 (National Library of Medicine, n.d.)
Figure 1.1: Two-Dimensional Structure of Urea (NCBI, n.d.)
Table 1.1: Chemical and Physical Properties of Urea (National Library of Medicine, n.d., sciencelab.com, 2013)
Molecular Formula C - H4 – N2 – 0 or (NH2)2CO
Molecular Weight 60.06 g/mol
Composition C – 19.99%, H – 6.71%, N – 46.67%, O – 26.63%
Density (Specific Gravity, Sg) 1323kg/m3 at 20°C (1.323)
Melting Point 132.70°C
Boiling Point Decomposes
Solubility(ETH Zurich, 2006) Highly Soluble in Water
Highly Soluble in Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO)
Soluble in concentrated HCL
50% in Glycerine at 15°C
Slightly soluble in alcohols, basic amides...
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Due to urea’s high nitrogen content as mention previously, it is commonly used as fertilizers. Besides that, urea also has other use which includes the production of melamine and formaldehyde resins, adhesives and plastics. Resins formed from melamine have high hardness and stain resistance thus were commonly used as tableware while formaldehyde resins were commonly applied in textile industry as cheap solution to fabric crease. In medicinal use, urea is used as tissue softener for nails, treating dry and rough skin, eczema and more. Table 1.4 shows the usage of urea in Western Europe, United States and Japan. (Alain Chauvel, 1989).
Table 1.4: Urea production and consumption in 1984, France (Alain Chauvel, 1989).
Western Europe United States Japan
Fertilizers 85% 80% 31%
Industrial Products 10% 10% 69%
Animal Feeds 5% 10%
Consumption (106t/year) 4.30 7.65 0.85
The purpose of the Unknown White Compound Lab was to identify the unknown compound by performing several experiments. Conducting a solubility test, flame test, pH paper test, ion test, pH probe test, conductivity probe test, and synthesizing the compound will accurately identified the unknown compound. In order to narrow down the possible compounds, the solubility test was used to determine that the compound was soluble in water. Next, the flame test was used to compare the unknown compound to other known compounds such as potassium chloride, sodium chloride, and calcium carbonate. The flame test concluded that the cation in the unknown compound was potassium. Following, pH paper was used to determine the compound to be neutral and slightly
The primary goal of this laboratory project was to identify an unknown compound and determine its chemical and physical properties. First the appearance, odor, solubility, and conductivity of the compound were observed and measured so that they could be compared to those of known compounds. Then the cation present in the compound was identified using the flame test. The identity of the anion present in the compound was deduced through a series of chemical tests (Cooper, 2009).
Conforming to Melmed, Polonsky, Larsen & Kronenberg (2011) the waste products of the blood can form crystals which can collect inside the kidneys and aggregate to form stones. Normally the stones are composed of phosphate, oxalate, uric acid, and magnesium ammonium phosphate, single or combined. The type of stone is determined by the pathogenic mechanisms. When the stones are find in the bladder, ureters, renal tubules and collecting system they tend to be symptomatic. When the urine is oversaturated with the stones constituents the stones are formed. During the passage through the renal tubules the crystals aggregate into stones. In order to allow more time for growth the crystals anchor themselves to the renal tubular epithelium in the renal papillae and Randall’s plaques. The concentration of excreted ions is influenced by the diet. The intake of fluids can reduce the stone formation and growth. A reduction in the sodium int...
Urolithiasis is the process of forming stones in the kidney, bladder, and/or urinary tract.1 1,200 to 1,400 per 100,000 people will develop a urinary stone each year. Urinary stones are formed when there is a decrease in urine volume or an excess of stone forming substances are present. The use of diagnostic imaging plays a vital role in the diagnostic and treatment processes of a stone in the urinary track. This paper will discuss the signs, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of Urolithiasis.
The discovery of Curare dates back to seventeen-thirty five. French explorer Charles Marie de la Condamine, who spent couple of years in South America exploring, took samples of curare back to France. In the nineteenth century, doctors had tried to use curare as a muscle relaxant for the treatment of rabies, tetanus, and epilepsy but failed due to a number of reasons. In the eighteen-seventies, in England, curare was used to keep animals still during procedures but was later banished because of public outcry. The first successful use of curare was developed by Harold King in nineteen-thirty five, when he isolated the active principal of curare, tubocurarine. Daniele Bovet, a Swiss-Italian pharmacologist created an artificial curare because in nineteen-forty seven the side effects of curare were unknown. Bovet made the artificial curare known as
Anhydrous ammonia is stored as a liquid in pressurized tanks and after it has been sold to local farmers, they use it by injecting it directly into their soil where it then turns into a gas. It has a melting point of around -108 degrees Fahrenheit and an explosive range between a Lower explosive limit (LEL) of 15% and an Upper explosive limit (UEL) of 28% when mixed in air. Ammonium nitrate is typical found and used in its prill form where it is spread across the fields as a fertilizer. Ammonium Nitrate does not typical, under normal circumstances, pose an explosive hazard alone by itself but when combined with some sort of fuel it will act as an oxidizer during that process, literally adding fuel to the fire. “Both of these common fertilizers can become explosive under the right conditions.” (Fernandez & Schwartz, 2013)
For years farmers have been adding natural fertilizers to their crops. It is a big risk though. Over fertilizing is very dangerous. It puts high concentrations of salt into the soil. It can also affect the water resources nearby. Nitrogen, Phosphate, and Potassium are the basics of fertilizer. If a certain nutrient is short in supply the fertilizer might not work as well. Calcium, iron, manganese are also nutrients that might be needed. So don’t just trust the fertilizer bag that says it has all the nutrients, test it out. (Miller and Levine 717)
The product was made from 4-methylcyclohexanol. The chemical, 4-methylcyclohexanol is used in industrial settings. In 2014, West Virginia was exposed to this chemical in drinking water. Since this chemical is used to wash coal of its impurities, it was unsafe to drink the water as well as take a shower (CNN). Similarly, 4-methylcyclohexanol has a strong smell which may cause people to have symptoms like vomiting, skin irritation, and trouble breathing. Diesel is also replaced by 4-methylcyclohexanol (National Geographic).
Objective The ability to analyze a substance and determine properties of the substance is an important skill for AP Chemistry students. Major concepts for the “Analysis of Alum” laboratory are percent composition, water of hydration, and molecular formula. They will be used in three different experiments to determine the melting point of alum, the mole ratio of hydrated water to anhydrous alum, and percent of sulfate ion contained in alum. The values acquired in the lab should be close to the calculated values of 92.5 ˚F, 12 moles of water to 1 mole of alum, and 59%, respectively.
During week 1 of this experiment, we recorded common components of fertilizers and then went on to find the chemical formulas involved in creating them. The second week we began the process of comparing three authentic ions we had established in the first week to ion samples to discover other properties they might contain. We decided to discover these different ingredients by preforming a serious of tests, which included placing 0.2g solid of both the authentic and the sample fertilizer separately, in order to establish a constant, and dissolved the fertilizer in 20 mL of water, then checked to see if Mg was present in the sample solution. By setting up a constant and preforming a methodical experiment all on the samples given, we demonstrated the ability to correctly establish and preform an experiment and solve the problem at hand, which was distinguishing the contents of the authentic
Some notable recent efforts have been dedicated to minimize the use of iso-cyanates to synthesize polyurethanes, because the iso-cyanates elevate severe toxicity issues. Non-iso-cyanate based polyurethanes (NIPUs) have just been developed as a new class of polyurethane polymers to alleviate health plus environmental concerns. .
Chicory crop requires application of only DAP and Urea. Some farmers apply MOP also @200kg/Ha at the time of root growth (90-100 day after sowing). At the time of soil preparation FYM is added to the soil. Addition of FYM in soil improves the water holding capacity of soil. Before seed sowing DAP are applied @200 kg/Ha. Two –to three doses of Urea is required during the life time of chicory crop. First dose (200kg/Ha) of Urea is given just after first weeding (30 days after of sowing). Second dose of urea is given 60-70 days after sowing.
Uranium was discovered by Martin Heinrich Klaproth, a German chemist, in the mineral pitchblende (primarily a mix of uranium oxides) in 1789.Klaproth, as well as the rest of the scientific community, believed that the substance he extracted from pitchblende was pure uranium, it was actually uranium dioxide (UO2). After noticing that 'pure' uranium reacted oddly with uranium tetrachloride (UCl4), Radioactivity was first discovered in 1896 when Antoine Henri Becquerel, a French physicist, detected it from a sample of uranium. Today, uranium is obtained from uranium ores such as pitchblende, uraninite , carnotite and autunite as well as from phosphate rock , lignite (brown coal) and monazite sand . Since there is little demand for uranium metal, uranium is usually sold in the form of sodium diuranate , also known as yellow cake, or triuranium octoxide).
Due to it orange-yellow color properties in the rhizomes, turmeric create a strong influenced the culture life and food in Southeast Asia region before knowing the health benefit of turmeric (Ravindran et al., 2007, p. 1). In Indonesia ancient civilization, turmeric was used for cosmetic, especially for noble society. According to Qhuang (2013), they used turmeric as a traditional scrub called “lulur” (traditional Javanese body scrub) for their beauty and skin appearance. He describes that scrubbing their body with turmeric lulur is believed to give a golden-glow healthy skin, cure inflammation cause by insects, and mitigate allergies. Moreover, he said it is believed by ancient society to ward off bad luck and magical hexes. In some region, turmeric has been used for wedding culture by giving turmeric lulur treatment to bride and groom one day before the feast. In India turmeric was used to dye clothes (cotton, silk, and wool) (Ravindran et al., 2007,
As they always say HEALTH IS WEALTH! Your food selection today, makes you enjoy for the moment and affects your health tomorrow and in the future!