Introduction The paradigm of rural development has shifted its focus from the structures and institutions to the collective action, trust, cooperation and reciprocity among the people. This trust, cooperation and the relationship of reciprocity are actually the features of social capital as envisaged by Robert Putnam in his study of Italy in 1993. According to him, social capital is the features of social organization such as networks, norms, and trust that facilitate coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit. The paper discusses the significance of social capital for development of rural areas along with reflecting the propositions of Robert Putnam. Here, are the prepositions of Robert Putnam about social capital and the development …show more content…
Social capital is significant in many aspects of local level development and poverty alleviation. This can be cited from the example of Joint Forest Management in Adilabad district of Telangana. In JFM, it is the joint responsibility of villagers and forest department to protect and conserve the forest. For this, Vana Samrakshana Samitis(VSS) were formed to protect and manage the forest resources. In Behroonguda panchayat, after the formation of VSS villagers under the technical guidance of forest department were able to carry out several development project such treatment of 500 hectares of degraded forest land by Silviculture, relabilitation of degraded teak forests, planting of new saplings and digging of contours trenches to prevent running water and soil erosion between 1999-2001. VSS, the store house of Social Capital also helped in bringing the people out of poverty. For example, now timber is available both for consumption and selling which has led to increased income and savings and also non-timber products such as fruits, gum and nuts are accessible for their own consumption. Sometime they can also sell them and make …show more content…
In Kerala the emergence of broader solidarities among several groups is rooted in the history of conflict (Heller, 2000). And this solidarity resulted in the formation of many civil societies in the Kerala. For example, the Kerala Sastra Sahitya Parishad(KSSP), a pro-left non-governmental organization played very pivotal role in the literary campaign to the rural areas. It has led many experiments for the collective and local level synergistic action for local development and planning in some panchayats. In addition to that social capital or associational life also facilitates the civic engagement for meeting the demands. For example, in kerala after the emergence of NHGs, now there has been greater interest in celebrating local festivals together. Further, there has been an enhancement of participation in marriages and during death ceremonies in recent
The Forms of Capital (1986) written by Bourdieu address the concepts of cultural and social capital. From his point of view, he believes that cultural capital is something that is equipped by oneself and, as a result, reproduces economic capital. The two capitals are directly proportion to each
Thus, the reality of places is constructed through social actions including both individual and collective efforts, through informal associations and institutions of government and the economy, rather than through the inherent qualities (Logan and Lolotch, 1987, p.45). Hence, the conclusion is well constructed. The authors effectively use 'compare and contrast' structure and 'cause and effect' structure in the chapter to build and enhance their argument. They also back up their arguments citing various researchers throughout the chapter, in almost all the sections, making their argument more persuasive. Logan and Molotch enhances the
To fully understand why social, economic, and cultural capital could lead to success or failure, it is essential to know the difference between the three. Social capital is defined by the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development as “the links, shared values, and understandings in society that enable individuals and groups to trust each other and to work together” (OECD, 2015). Social capital can be multiple things including family members, colleagues, and strangers who have the
...at small farms constitute 90 percent of the world’s farms and employment of 1.3 billion people. This dominates agriculture in developing countries because two-thirds of the 3 billion rural people in the world live off the income generated by farmers managing some 500 million small farms (Halberg & Müller, 2012, p.21). Additionally, there are benefits to land conservation for local communities that involves reduced environmental hazards, improvement of water quality from ground recharge, economic gains from agricultural production from exporting, and the natural settings that bring tourism generating the economy (McMahon & Urban, 2010 p.2). It is only through the awareness of this informational insight into the differences between community types and their transitions throughout time that the public can explore and discover economic incentives for rural communities.
Today we live in an urban society and individualism, in which sense can we to talk about of a communitarian way of living? Is the decay of the rural world an accelerated process that can be reversed with natural resources of the commons as a lever? With the exodus of villages will the commons also be extinguished? What is challenging the future of the commons? ... These are just some issues that reflect the need to adaptation of management of the commons to new realities.
Cultural capital has great power through the control and maintenance of traditions, expected and accepted roles and behaviours, notably gender roles, important artefacts, language, institutions and services (Navarro, 2006). Of these, two essential contributors being educational facilities and religious institutions (Navarro, 2006). Finally, economic capital holds power through property and literal financial capital or monetary resources, this empowers individuals to have some degree of agency and autonomy (Navarro, 2006). This gives power to individuals to interact with higher classes, or form part of such, to purchase and interact with goods and services that are valued by the society and in turn receive respect and enhances social status (Navarro, 2006).
The whole society in Brave New World is based on community. No one is ever alone. Solitude and loneliness are unheard of. Everything, as well as everyone, belongs to everyone else. There are constantly community gatherings, such as Orgy-Porgy and community-sings. Depending on what caste you are part of, Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta or Epsilon, you attend different events. Community is the basis of life in the civilized world.
The two major communities that individuals live in are urban and rural. Both types have both positive and negative aspects. The focus of this paper is on rural communities. From my research rural environments are not as popular as urban ones; however, the citizens who live in these communities are very happy with the lifestyle they chose. The word rural is generally associated with communities that lack accessibility to public services such as transit, shopping, and entertainment. This is generally used in communities where farming is a primary occupation. In my study I interviewed three individuals who identify as living in a rural community.
Putnam concluded that the communities with "higher diversity" also experienced "lower social capital" (Jonas,18). Putnam explains that the more diverse a community is the less trusting and involved are its members. This distrust in people is rooted in the concentration on the idea that has been repeated since childhood that focused on what makes people different. Jonas makes the point that in Putnam’s study the seemed to be no connection between distrust
Mishra, Pulak, Behera, Bhagirath, and Nayak, Narayan Chandra. 2010. “A Development Delivery Institution for the Tribal Communities: Experience of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme in India.” Development Policy Review 28 (4): 457-479. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7679.2010.00492.x
There is a collective existence of different forms legal systems, because of the country’s diversity in culture, language and religion. This diversity is able to flourish in India only because of representation of different communities. Diversity and pluralism are acknowledged in India which safeguards the interests of different social groups and communities. This led to law being seen as necessarily pluralistic. However, after colonisation there was an effort made by the British to make law uniform, an essential condition in what was seen as ‘modern law’. Nonetheless, after independence an effort was made to have a pluralistic legal system as this would lead to better representation of different communities. This is how the Panchayati Raj system, a form of local self-government came about. Panchayats were reintroduced in 1992 after the British rule, and there a panchayat in every town of village. The people of the village elect the members of the ‘panch’, whose responsibility is the local administration of the village. In many places, gram panchayats are also known as gram sabhas. In this manner, different forms of legal pluralism shape everyday ordering and disputing in rural and urban India. They relate to formal law as well as customary legal orders equally. The two governance systems interact, which can be termed as formal law and traditional law. Customary law is also termed as unnamed law as it does not refer to a specific basis of
Radu Ban and Vijayendra. (2007). The Political Construction of Caste in South India. Working paper
‘Social Planning’, is a model of development which can be described as, ‘Doing For’, the community. If it is perceived by government bodies that a community has sunk so low that is unable to be resolved by using alternative methods, (some of which will be discussed later in this essay), the government will intervene with methods deemed necessary.
There are two kinds of factors why rural people seek for urban life. The first one is urban pull factor. They dream for higher wages, better housing and utilities, better school and hospital, more jobs opportunity, and more experience that they can get it all from a living in big cities as they think. The second one is urban push factor. We know that most of rural areas people are farmers. There’,s not much else to do anymore in the village but wait for harvest time and without higher level of education, availability of media, or facilities that they need, they might be stimulated to move to urban areas.
Due to rural-urban migration, there has been increasing levels of poverty and depopulation in rural areas. This is one of the reasons why the government has seen it as necessary and made it a priority to improve the lives of the people who live in rural areas. Rural development is about enabling people in the rural areas take charge of their destiny. This is through the use and management of the natural resources they are exposed to. This is a process through which people learn over time and they use this knowledge to adapt to the changing world. The purpose of rural development is to improve the lives of people living in the rural areas.