CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Pharmaceutical analysis plays a vital role in quality assurance and also in quality control of bulk drugs and pharmaceutical formulations. It is a branch of analytical chemistry that includes separation, identification and determination of the relative amounts of components in the sample. The pharmaceutical analysis deals with the characterization of the sample qualitatively as well as quantitatively. Qualitative analysis reveals the chemical identity of the sample and quantitative analysis establish the respective amounts of components in the sample in numerical terms (Rappoport and Liebman, 2009; Paul et al., 2011). Fast increase in pharmaceutical industries and drug production in various parts of the world has leads …show more content…
Kuhn and A. Winterstein) published a paper (Ettre & Sakodynskii, 1993) on purification of xanthophylls on CaCO3 adsorption column following the process described by Tswett. In the year 1941, partition chromatography was discovered by R. L. M. Synge and A. J. P. Martin at Cambridge University in the UK, (Martin & Synge, 1941) for that in 1952 they were awarded the Noble Prize. In 1952, Martin and Synge published a seminal paper (Martin, 1941) which, along with the paper of A.T. James and A. J. P. Martin (Martin & Synge, 1952), laid a foundation for the quick growth of chromatographic techniques that shortly followed. Prior to the 1970's, few good chromatographic methods were commercially obtainable to the laboratory scientist. During 1970's, most chemical separations were performed using different techniques including open-column chromatography, TLC (thin-layer chromatography) and paper chromatography. However, these chromatographic techniques were insufficient for resolution between similar compounds and quantification of compounds. During this time, to decrease flow-through time pressure liquid chromatography began to be used, thus reducing time taken for purification and separation of compounds being isolated by column chromatography. As flow rates were Inconsistent, the question if it was good to have a constant flow rate or constant pressure was debated (Chatrabhuji et al., 2015). In the mid-1970's, High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed and improved rapidly with the development of different column packing materials and the additional suitable detectors. Some new methods including reverse phase liquid chromatography allowed for better separation between very similar molecules. By 1980's, for the separation of chemical molecules, HPLC was widely used. New techniques enhance purification, separation,
The purpose of this experiment was to learn and preform an acid-base extraction technique to separate organic compounds successfully and obtaining amounts of each component in the mixture. In this experiment, the separation will be done by separatory funnel preforming on two liquids that are immiscible from two layers when added together. The individual components of Phensuprin (Acetylsalicylic acid, Acetanilide, and Sucrose as a filler) was separated based upon their solubility and reactivity, and the amount of each component in the mixture was obtained. Also, the purity of each component will be determined by the melting point of the component.
In this experiment, a mixture of three substances (benzoic acid, 2-naphthol, and 1-4 dimethoxybenzene) will be separated based off acidity strength using the liquid-liquid extraction technique through a separatory funnel. Benzoic acid and 2-napthol will be converted into ionic salts when reacting with their appropriate bases (sodium bicarbonate and sodium hydroxide). Both ionic salts will then form solids through the addition of acidic HCl. Neutral 1,4 – dimethoxybenzene forms a solid through the evaporation of ether. Each compound will then be purified through recrystallization, using the processes of dissolving the solid in either water or methanol, and isolating the solid through vacuum filtration. After a week of evaporation, the compounds will then be examined for both
Craig, D. Q. (2002). Pharmaceutical Applications of Micro-Thermal Analysis. Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 91(5), 1201-1213.
...s the change in the temperature of both of these batches, 6°C for the pure, and 13°C for the crude. In this final sub-section of the Characterization of Aspirin, the values of absorbance were recorded. Initially, 0.0566 grams and 0.0590 grams of pure and crude Aspirin respectively were obtained and each individually placed into beakers (400 milliliter) and had 250.0 milliliters of distilled water added to them. From each beaker, a tiny amount of the just dissolved solutions was transferred to a cuvette, one cuvette for each type of aspirin. Each cuvette was placed into the ultraviolent spectroscopy mechanism which was connected to a computer and absorbance spectrum values were obtained at 298 nm (Figure 5) (0.1987 pure aspirin, and 0.9549 crude aspirin).
The drug manufacturing industry is concerned with the development, production and marketing of drugs which are to be used as medication. This is one of the oldest industries in the world. The first drug stores date back to the middle Ages. Some of today’s pharmaceutical companies have been founded in the beginning of the previous century. Important discoveries have been made in the early 20th century such as insulin and penicillin who became mass produced. More drugs were developed during the 1950s-1960s such as contraceptives and heart drugs. During that time numerous organizations and declarations were established in order to regulate the industry. Until the 1970s the drug manufacturing industry remained relatively small, and then it began expanding quickly. With the development of technologies and the internet research, manufacturing, marketing and sales of drugs became a lot easier.
After performing the first Gas Chromatography, we took the organic layer, and mixed it with saturated Sodium Hydroxide. We performed this step to remove the (-OH) group from the Eugenol. The purpose was to make the water as a product, which can also be used as a solvent for the Eugenol that was ionized, for the two substances Acetyl Eugenol and Beta Caryophyllene. Again, we see the density differences in the solvents; we were able to take the organic layer. Finally, we transferred the layer into the beaker and dried, to perform the Gas Chromatography
A successful business relies strongly on strategic planning and development. Businesses strategies define a company’s future through vision and mission statements, marketing, operations, and financial performance. The purpose of this paper is to analyze and evaluate the business strategy of a public traded company, Salix Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Throughout this paper, the writer will provide a company overview, a SWOT analysis, and explore the strategic objectives and contingency plans of Salix Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
An Analysis of GlaxoSmithKline The business that I have done research into is GlaxoSmithKline. This company is a globalised research-based pharmaceutical public limited company. Its ownership structure has changed a great deal since the original company was first established in 1715. Originally a pharmacy, the company has expanded, merged with and taken over other companies over the decades.
The conical vial was placed in a small beaker and allowed to cool to room temperature. The mixture was Cooled thoroughly in an ice bath for 15-20 minutes and crystals collected by vacuum filtration on a Hirsch funnel. The vial was rinsed with about 5 mL of ice water and transferred into to the Hirsch funnel and again washed with two additional 5mL portions of ice water. Crystals were dried for 5-10 minutes by allowing air to be drawn through them while they remained on the Hirsch funnel. The product was transferred to a watch glass plate and allow the crystals to dry in air. Crude acetaminophen product was weighed and set aside a small sample for a melting point determination and a color comparison after the next step. Calculation of the percentage yield of crude acetaminophen (MW = 151.2). was done and recorded in the lab notebook.
To continue, compounding would be needed if a patient wants to change something about the medicine such as flavor or strength. It is vital that s...
Berenson, A. (2005, October 21). Pfizer profit falls 5%. The New York Times, p. C7.
With the increased cost of manufacturing, pharmaceutical companies have been divesting in their smaller or less profit making operations and focus on large segments. Many Pharmaceutical companies sold their manufacturing sites to contract manufacturing organizations. The dynamics of interfacing with contract manufacturing organization added intricacy in pharmaceutical supply chain network of pharmaceutical companies.
Analysis of Aspirin Tablets Aim --- To discover the percentage of acetylsalicylic acid in a sample of aspirin tablets. ----------------------------------------------------------------- In order to do this, the amount of moles that react with the sodium hydroxide must be known. This is achieved by using the method of back titration.
As a child, I always questioned my parents about the medications they took. I was curious and, at the same time amazed by the effects tiny amounts of chemicals could have in the human body. This curiosity, among other factors, inspired me to study Pharmacy in order to use my knowledge to help improve the lives of others. I am deeply interested in the synthesis of pharmaceutical drugs and the ways they work in the human body.
Drug is a chemical which alters the processes in the organism, which is used in the medicine for prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the diseases (Farlex, 2011). Drug discovery is a long term process that needs money investment. The process of drug investigation takes approximately from 9 to 15 years during which the number of chemicals that can become drug is reduced from 10,000 to 1-2 (Saparov, 2011). Even after manufacturing the drug is studied by scientists for modifying its structure, delivery and effects on the organism. Drug discovery consists of several stages which help to examine its effectiveness and side effects.