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The Theory of Goal Attachment
The Theory of Goal Attachment
The Theory of Goal Attachment
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Nursing theory gives a point from which to define the what, who and when in nursing and further determine the goals and boundaries in the involved therapeutic activities. This would be developed to describe the nursing phenomenon, including the process, event or occurrence involved (Parker & Smith, 2010). Even though different theories relatively address specific and solid phenomena, their scope could vary. As such, grand and middle-range theories address specific nursing issues but cover varied scopes. This paper evaluates a middle-range theory of goal attainment put forth by a theorist, Imogene King. The Goal Attainment Theory is distinct and was used by King to describe interpersonal and dynamic relationship aimed at attaining patient’s life goals hence a critical one for advancement in nursing education and practice.
Chinn and Kramer (2011) defines Middle-range theory as the relative classification for theory that embodies concepts, relationships, and purposes that reflect limited aspects of broad phenomenon. It is known to address more concrete and focused phenomena than grand theory. According to Smith and Liehr (2014), the theories under this portfolio have predictions, explanations and descriptions responding to questions on nursing phenomena but do not cover the concerned discipline on full range. Derived in 1981, the Theory of Goal Attainment sought to answer the question of what the nature of nursing is. King gave the answer to this as “the way in which nurses, in their role, do with and for individuals that differentiates nursing from other professionals” (Parker & Smith, 2010, 148). This framework bases on the assumption of human beings as the focus of nursing. Nursing aims at promoting, maintaining and restoring he...
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...lleen, M. B. & King, I. M. (2007). Viewpoint: Use of King’s conceptual system, nursing informatics, and nursing classification systems for global communication. International Journal of Nursing Knowledge, 18 (2), 51 – 57. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-618X.2007.00050.x
Meleis, A. I. (2012). Theoretical nursing: Development and progress (5th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Parker, M. E. & Smith, M. C. (2010). Nursing theories and nursing practice. Philadelphia, PA: F. A. Davis Company.
Smith, M. J. & Liehr, P. R. (Eds.). (2014). Middle range theory for nursing. New York, NY: Springer.
Tomey, A. M. & Alligood, M. R. (2002). Nursing theorists and their work (5th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Mosby.
Williams, L.A. (2001). Imogene King’s Interacting Systems Theory: Application in Emergency and Rural Nursing. Online Journal of Nursing and Health Care, 2 (1), 25–30
When Imogene King developed her Goal Attainment Theory she focused on the relationship between the nurse and the patient. When a patient seeks out health care the relationship between the patient and the nurse will play a crucial role in the patient’s outcome. For health promotion to occur the nurse and the patient must establish goals that are mutually agreed upon. The goals are establish when a positive interaction occurs between the nurse and patient. If the interaction is positive and effective the goals are more likely to be reached. Imogene King’s Goal Attainment Theory is broken down into a systematic framework to promote successful interactions between the nurse and patient. The framework includes the personal system, the interpersonal
Walsh, M. (1997). The Nature of Nursing. In M. Walsh (ed.) (1997). Watson’s Clinical Nursing and Related Sciences. 5th Edition. London: Baillière Tindall.
& Willis, E. M. explains the middle-range theories were first introduced in sociology in 1960’s then were offered in nursing in 1974 focusing on emerging disciplines because they were available to introduce through research in compare to grand theories. Middle-range nursing theory was established fifteen years later, and is reinforced by repeated criticism of the summary of grand theories and their difficulties in use to research and practice. The reason of middle-range theory is to define, clarify, and predict occurrences that easer to apply in practical situations, and potentially to direct nursing interventions, change circumstances of situations to improve the care and potentially best outcome. Focus on middle-range theory is supported by theoretical framework for research studies, tested by research and use in practice, and scientific end product expressing nursing knowledge. (McEwen, M. & Willis, E. M.,
... middle of paper ... ... Fawcett, J. & Fawcett, J. (2000). The 'Secondary' of the 'Second Analysis and evaluation of contemporary nursing knowledge: Nursing models and theories.
Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2010). Essentials of Nursing Research (7th ed): Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.
Walker, L.O., & Avant, K.C. (2005). Strategies for theory construction in nursing. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Walker, L. O., & Avant, K. C. (1995). Strategies for theory construction in nursing (3rd ed.). Norwalk, CT:
Nursing is a complex profession full of challenges and rewards. To grow as professionals, it is important that nurses know and understand the many theory’s that exists in nursing and respect their impact on the profession. It is essential for nurses to learn from past theorist for nursing to move forward. This paper will correlate the philosophy and values of two nursing theorist with a unique perspective of each concept and define the nursing metaparadigm.
According to nursingjounrnal (2005) Middle range theories are applicable to each aspect of the nurse profession from administration, education, and direct patient care. Since middle range theory lie between grand theory and specific situation theory. Most nurses believed that middle range theory intervention are more specific on solving problem and if implemented at the bedside as intended they will always bring positive outcomes to the patients . The focus on improved patient outcome and patient satisfaction will be the future development in nurse theory and middle range theories lend to this development. Evidence based practice developed through the use of research studies and theory will lead the nurse in to the future practice. According to Meleis (2012) “Middle-range theories are at those levels of conceptualization that could inform nursing practice and research, and thus continue the cycle of advancing foundational knowledge and enhancing quality care”. To understand responses to health and
McIntyre, M. & McDonald, C. (2014). Nursing Philosophies, Theories, Concepts, Frameworks, and Models. In Koizer, B., Erb, G., Breman, A., Snyder, S., Buck, M., Yiu, L., & Stamler, L. (Eds.), Fundamentals of Canadian nursing (3rd ed.). (pp.59-74). Toronto, Canada: Pearson.
Sieloff, C. L., & Raph, S. W. (2011). Nursing theory and management. Journal of Nursing Management, 19(8), 979-980. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2834.2011.01334.x
Walker, L. O. & Avant, K. C. (2011). Strategies for theory construction in nursing. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.
The grand theory to be analyzed in this paper is Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory (SCDNT). The method used to analyze Dorothea Orem’s theory is Walker and Avant Theory Analysis (WAT). Theory analysis is a process of evaluating a nursing theory. The WAT is comprised of seven steps. The steps are defining the origins, meaning, logic, usefulness, details, structure and testability of the theory (McEwen & Wills, 2011). “Critical reflection of a theory determines how well the theory serves its purpose” (McEwen & Wills, 2011, p.95). Therefore, a critical reflection will be applied to the SCDNT. The purpose of this paper is to analyze and critique the SCDNT using the WAT method of theory analysis.
Tomey, A.M., & Alligood, M.R. (2006). Nursing theorists and their work (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Saunders Elsevier.
King developed the theory of Goal Attainment based on her conceptual system for nursing practice in 1971 (MOSBY). She focused primarily on the ability to function in social roles and the assumption that the “focus of nursing is human beings interacting with their environment, leading to a state of health” (Alligood & Tomey, 2010, p. 292). She questioned the nature of nursing and concluded that “the way in which nurses, in their role, do with and for individuals... differentiates … [the nurse] from other health professionals” (Alligood & Tomey, 2010, p. 291). Using this principle, King observed nurse and patient interactions to design a model depicting theoretical principles which are ...