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Structure and function of immune system
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Since enrolling in the Biochemistry and Biotechnology program in North South University (NSU) I have taken different courses in order to complete my degree. However, the immunology courses taken as part of the degree in my second year developed my interest in this subject area. I also learned about the types of immunity; humoral and cell-mediated immunity, that worked in tandem to one another to protect us from possible infections. I wanted to learn about how microscopic living organisms could infect and harm numerous people so quickly. The more I read the more I understood that immunology does not deal with the cellular level only, but over time our body has evolved greatly that it has created defenses at molecular and genetic levels as well. …show more content…
I completed my undergraduate degree with a CGPA of 3.95 on a scale of 4.00, demonstrating my strong work ethic and desire to succeed in my objectives. I am extremely diligent and meticulous about my work, managing to be one of the few in my batch who maintained a steady grade throughout my four years of study. My hard work was rewarded with a merit based scholarship of up to 75 percent tuition waiver in the last three years. I was also chosen to work as a Teaching Assistant in my department and allowed to continue in that position for two consecutive semesters. In addition, I worked as a Field Experience trainee in International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b) for my undergraduate thesis project. Although I worked there for a short period of time, I learned a lot from the lab technicians and my supervisor. I was taught about the right way to handle laboratory equipment, the biosafety methods, different types of ELISA techniques and how to research and write down a thesis paper. I feel confident that the skills learned at NSU, the research experience and the outside interests will help me thrive in the academic
The immune system is made up of a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body, and it defends the body from “foreign invaders.” Immunity can be divided in two three different defenses, and these are defined as first, second and third lines of defense. The first line of defense for the immune system is the primary defense against pathogens entering the body from the surface in order to prevent the start of disease and infection. Some examples of the first line of defense is the skin, protecting the external boundaries of the body, and the mucous membranes, protecting the internal boundaries of the body. Although the skin and mucous membranes work on the internal and external boundaries, they both release chemicals
The objective of the host is to "escape" from the pathogen. This can be done through the use of the immune system or by quickly dying. When a host dies with the pathogen still inside, the pathogen dies as well. Resistance to invaders evolved as a result of the development of the mechanism of immunity. The development of immunity depends on the recognition of differences in chemical structures of substances.
The bodies first line of defense includes the presence of physical and chemical barriers. These limit entry of microorganisms into the body. “These include: intact skin and epithelial surfaces that act as mechanical barriers, presence of normal micro flora on the skin that compete with pathogens for nutrients and inhibit pathogen growth through lactic acid production, normal flora of throat, colon, and vagina occupy receptors that prevents colonization by pathogens.” (Ogston-Tuck, 2014, p. 55). This also includes secretions which contain antibodies.
Organisms have three types of immunity: innate. adaptive, and passive. Innate immunity is common among all organisms and reacts the same to all pathogenic infections. Innate immunity includes protective layers of the body, such as the skin and mucous membranes in the nose and throat. Adaptive immunity is the second type of immunity. Adaptive immunity develops throughout an organism’s life. An example of this is the lymphocytes, which develop when an organism is exposed to diseases or through vaccination (with some exceptions). Passive immunity is borrowed from another source and lasts for a short period of time, for example, antibodies in a woman's breast milk, which help prevent their young offspring from acquiring infections in their early years. An example of this in snakes is their tolerance to their own venom, which they are exposed to early in life which prevents them from dying if exposed later.
Serving in the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service is a dream opportunity for someone like me who is very passionate about Science and Medicine, as well as serving our country. It also provides an avenue for me to exercise my knowledge, skills, and abilities that match the organization's approach to fulfilling its mission. These "KSA" includes my promptness in responding to public health needs, my leadership and excellence in executing public health practices, and my ability to help advance public health science.
The innate immune system is given to you at birth and always has microbes ready to fight (Joanne M. Willey, 2014). This system is very fast to detect and attempt to eliminate any invading cells. It reacts by triggering Toll-like receptors (TLRs) who then fasten to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) (Joanne M. Willey, 2014). The first line of defense in the innate immune system contains the skin and mucous membranes, along with normal microbiota (Joanne M. Willey, 2014). The second line of defense of the “early-warning” system consists of natural killer cells, phagocytes, eosinophils, dendritic cells, macrophages, inflammation, fever, and antimicrobial substances (Joanne M. Willey, 2014). Although a powerful system, it cannot take
My co-workers have described me as someone who is immensely helpful, intelligent, outgoing and an effective communicator. All of these qualities combined with my work experience will assist me in the completion of my graduate degree. I currently hold a 3.97-grade point average at Ferris State University while working on my bachelor’s degree. I will have this completed in May of 2016 as I am in my last
Differentiate and describe between monocytes and macrophages (Innate Immunity) and B cells defining antibodies and T cells defining cytokines (adaptive immunity).
The macrophages engulf and digest the foreign pathogens and leave behind parts of the pathogen called antigens that stimulates the immune system to attack them. The T-lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that can recognize antigens that are not part of the human body (non-self) and attack the human cells that have been invaded by the pathogen associated with this non-self antigen. B-lymphocytes, another type of white blood cell, also recognize foreign antigens and produce antibodies that attack and neutralize the foreign antigens to fight the infection. When a new pathogen is first detected by the immune system, it can take up to several days for the immune system to properly coordinate all the different immune cells required to fight the infection (Understanding How Vaccines Work, 2013). However, once the infection has been eliminated, the immune system has the ability to remember all of the foreign antigens that have entered the body. The memory T-lymphocytes and memory B-lymphocytes will remember every antigen they have ever encountered throughout the human’s lifetime and are able to quickly respond and initiate the immune response if the same antigen is detected again. The immune system keeps a huge supply of “millions and possibly billions of different antibodies on hand to be prepared for any foreign invader by constantly creating millions of new B cells” (How Do Vaccines Work?, 2011). This process of antigen memory and antibody production is also called acquired immunity, and it the basis to understand how vaccines
I maintained a 10.8 GPA on an 11.0 point scale. I was also recognized as a scholar athlete all 4 years. I was awarded an academic letter during my senior year for maintaining over a 9.0 GPA all 4 years. During my sophomore year, I started a part-time job at Arby’s where I work about 20 hours a week. Not only did I participate in the football program at Huntington North
I, Sandeep Singh, will be an excellent candidate for the Maple Heights Teachers’ Association Laptop Scholarship. I will be attending Kent State University and majoring in Biology and minoring in Website Design. I plan on getting a Bachelor's Degree in Biology from Kent State University, then attending Ohio State University for medical school. Afterwards, I plan on specializing in Cardiology at the Cleveland Clinic. After establishing myself in my career as a Cardiovascular surgeon I plan on opening up my own practice in both the United States of America, and India. My uncle recently passed away due to heart problems. I saw the impact his death had on my family, and I do not want a death that could have been avoided to happen to another family.
I am a well-rounded person and a suitable candidate for the Fulbright Scholarships. Not only do I excel in academics, but I have also demonstrated leadership abilities at my school and within the community.
The innate immune system has three components : physical, cellular and humoral (figure 1) (Beutler, 2004).
Adaptive immune system happens much quicker to the presence of an “infection creating potent mechanisms for neutralizing or eliminating the microbes. There are two types of adaptive immune responses: humeral immunity, mediated by antibodies produced by B lymphocytes, and cell-mediated immunity, mediated by T lymphocytes.”
Medicine is a very complex and interesting felid, it 's constantly changing with the new advancements being made all the time. My interest in medicine came at a young age from going to various doctor’s appointments for myself and family members. I found it fascinating how doctors took care of people. I also enjoyed the interaction between the doctor and patient, whether it was a positive or negative interaction.I was very inspired by doctors and wanted to be like them. But I didn’t fully consider a career in medicine until I began high school.