Wait a second!
More handpicked essays just for you.
More handpicked essays just for you.
How does age affect second language acquisition
Importance of teaching grammar
Importance of teaching grammar
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
Recommended: How does age affect second language acquisition
There are a set of five hypotheses for learning acquisition according to Krashen's widely known and well-accepted description.
The Acquisition/Learning Hypothesis: In its most general version, the Acquisition / Learning Distinction Hypothesis is deemed to be the most salient all the hypotheses in Krashen's theory as well as the most recognized and valued conceptualization by most linguists and language practitioners. In practice, Krashen postulates that there are two independent systems in a second language competence: 'the acquired system' and 'the learned system'. On the one hand, the 'acquired system' or 'acquisition' is the inevitable corollary of a subconscious and intuitive process of constructing the system of a language, paralleling
…show more content…
On balance, the language in its written form is the center of attention and the pivotal responsibility of the learners is to comprehend the structure and rules of the language whose parts are dissected and analyzed. Coupled with intellectual effort and deductive reasoning, the form is of greater importance than communication. Likewise, teaching and learning are technical and inextricably linked with a syllabus.In the same way, error correction is steadfast in leaving little room for the quality of being spontaneous. In closing, the teacher is an authority figure, but the participation of the student is predominantly passive despite this.For one thing, the student will learn how to make interrogative and negative sentences, memorize irregular verbs, study modal verbs, learn how to form the perfect tense, etc., but hardly ever understands the use of these structures in conversation. In the case of language learning, one may be able to recite the fact when specifically asked, but is unlikely to use this knowledge in conversation. Importantly, Krashen insists that language acquisition does not require extensive use of conscious grammatical rules and does not require
The 'Secondary'. The dynamic systems approach in the study of L1 and L2 acquisition: An introduction. The Modern Language Journal, 92, 179-199.
Throughout the span of the past few weeks I have traversed the globe, visiting several countries and regions, only to realize that although new methods develop, language as a way of expressing ones self has remained the most effective. Despite this fact, language still has its pitfalls. Neil Postman, in his essay “Defending Against the Indefensible,'; outlines seven concepts that can be used to aid a student in better understanding the language as a means of communication. He describes how modern teaching methods leave a student vulnerable to the “prejudices of their elders';, further stating that a good teacher must always be skeptical. He urges teachers of all subjects to break free from traditional teachings as well as “linguistical tyranny';
to do and when. The environment does not affect the Skill as it is not
Investigating Skill Acquisition The majority of sports require constant decision making. Once the brain as received information, made sense of it and organised the information a decision can be made. This decision will start a plan of action, and it is then vital that we make this decision as quickly as possible. the space between a stimulus being presented and the performers response to it is called reaction time.
There are several types of learning styles that are recognised. The basic form, which is well known, is associative learning, making new associations between events in the envi...
1. In the beginning of the semester, I did not really understood the hypothesis of Krashen. Based the article (Gulzar, M. A., Gulnaz, F., & Ijaz, A, 2014) there is two systems, “the acquired system” and “the learned system.” The acquired system works similar to the process of acquisition of the first language. When you learned your first language, you were not aware of how the surroundings were influencing you to talk. The learned system has formal instructions, and it involves a conscious process.
In general, one of the most common ways of learning is generic learning and this is applicable for all type of learners and in this learning takes place in a repetitive cycle, an ongoing series of process. It is very clear that learning needs to meet people’s basic needs to understand, appreciate and to evaluate the prominence of the learning process. People learn best when their physical and psychological environment is comfortable. According to Maslow
As a teacher language is the most important tool in order to support student learning. The book Elementary Classroom Management by Kerry Williams discusses how language is an important tool to use “language can be a powerful vehicle for activating thought, and as teachers we need to be aware of the role it is playing” (ref pg. 196). The use of words and tone that the teacher uses to the students is significant in the behaviour of students. For example if a student is displaying
Sekelj and Rigo (2011) stated that there are three phases of learning the English language. The first phase is the pupils of Year 1 to Year 4, where in this phase, pupils are preferably do a lot of mechanical drilling and practicing some patterns of grammatical features which occur in the context of dialogue that are related to their real-life without any metalinguistic explanation in order to allow them to participate orally and physically as much as possible in dialogues, role playing and dramatizing. It is because, in this stage, it is important to make them conscious of their progress and increasing their motivation to use the language. Teacher should use a variety of activities to teach grammar such as by using songs, riddles, games and stories because it could be very helpful and an efficient ways in teaching grammar as what had suggested by Long (2000) where this FonF approach is effective because it is learner-centered and tune to the learners’ internal syllabus. According to Sekelj and Rigo (2011), Vilke (1977) said that, at the early age, the unconscious acquisition process is superior to the learning one due to the child’s cognitive development. Next, the second phase is Year 5 to Year 6 where in this stage, grammar start to be taught explicitly but with simple and clear explanation and awareness of accuracy of grammar structure should be
On the other hand, teachers prefer using L1 for a more effective approach to teaching grammar and checking students’ understanding. Macaro (1997) commented that teachers often lack enthusiasm in using the target language for grammar explanation. Many students have difficulty in learning grammar, especially for those whose L1 system is entirely different from the TL. L1 can be more efficient, particularly when a teacher wants to discuss the learning contract with students, or tries to explore the needs of his/her students, especially those in the lower level (Harmer, 2007). Evidence provided by Harmer (2007) also indicates that the classroom environment can be enhanced through the use of L1 to establish a positive social relationship with students, which ultimately leads to a more effective teaching process.
For decades, foreign language teachers wandered in a scientific abyss. Until 1983, there had been little real research dealing with the ways in which someone acquires a second language. Teachers mostly used the audiolingual classroom model that had been in place for the past twenty years (or, even worse, the literally ancient grammatical translation model that had been used by civilizations millennia old). Clearly, language teaching methodology was in a poor situation. In 1983, however, Krashen published the results of an unprecedented body of research and paved the way for a revolution in our field. His five-point hypothesis focused on the difference between the acquisition of and the learning of a second language. Krashen has his detractors, of course, not the least of whom are American school districts, which have been reluctant to implement his teachings. Most experts agree, however, that his ideas are the most meritorious of the theories in circulation now, and schools that refuse to incorporate them are doing their students a disservice.
Therefore, according to the above a general process learning theory is sustainable even in the presence of biological constraints as behaviour can be reinforced and manipulated in most cases to acquire a desired behaviour.
7 Shavlik Jude W. - "Acquiring Recursive and Iterative Concepts with Explanation-Based Learning". Machine Learning Vol. 5,(1990).
LaBerge and Samuels (1974) provide a detailed explanation of this aspect of learning. In addition they say that for new information to be useful, it must be learned to such an extent that it should not be think much about it when it was in used.
Learning is commonly defined as the process of acquiring new, or modifying existing, knowledge through experiences. To me, learning is an ongoing process that continues throughout our lives. When referring to Robert E. Slavin ‘s book, Educational Psychology: Theory and Practice, he mentioned how people are already engaged in a learning environment where they receive stimuli everywhere they go, but they are only aware of some of the stimuli (p.129). By referring to Slavin’s book, what real learning is to me is when an individual actually notice those stimuli, learned particular information and skills from those stimuli, and being able to apply the things they learn to their daily life. Furthermore, when referring to the Operant Conditioning theory by B.F. Skinner, which is mentioned in Slavin’s book, real learning is also when an individual had a change in knowledge and behavior that is caused by experience or consequences, no matter if it is a positive or negative consequence.