I. INTRODUCTION
The human body contains 4 to 6 liters of blood, depending upon the body size. The main components of blood can be classified as the cell free plasma (50-60%) and RBCs (40-50%), while WBCs accounts for only 1% of total blood volume. In order to maintain its vital properties, it must be refrigerated at cold temperature, i.e. +4◦C and it must be cooled to below +10◦C during transportation. If the blood is stored or transported outside of the required temperature for a prolonged time, it reduces the oxygen-carrying ability to the tissues during transfusion. The various factors that affects the blood when it is exposed above or below the freezing temperature are the risk of bacterial contamination, red blood cells rupture, release of hemoglobin and transfusion of such blood can be fatal.
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The severity of hypothermia has been classified, as moderate with 32–34◦C, as mild 34–36◦C and as severe hypothermia when the temperature is less than 32◦C [2]. Intense shivering may occur between 34 and 36◦C which increases the oxygen demand and metabolic rate [3]. The hypothermic patients may be in a state of abnormal breathing and deep tendon reflexes. Changes in cardiac and coagulation systems such as the ventricle becomes irritable below the threshold temperature for ventricular fibrillation, i.e. 25 to 28◦C [4]. The adverse effects of hypothermia in the injured patient are shown in Table1
In this experiment, we determined the isotonic and hemolytic molar concentrations of non-penetrating moles for sheep red blood cells and measured the absorbance levels from each concentration. The results concluded that as the concentration increased the absorbance reading increased as well. A higher absorbance signifies higher amounts of intact RBCs. The isotonic molar concentration for NaCl and glucose is 0.3 M. The hemolysis molar concentration for NaCl and glucose is 0.05 M. Adding red blood cells to an isotonic solution, there will be no isotonic pressure and no net movement. The isotonic solution leaves the red blood cells intact. RBC contain hemoglobin which absorbs light, hemoglobin falls to the bottom of the tube and no light is absorbed. Determining the isotonic concentration of NaCl and glucose by finding the lowest molar concentration. In contrast to isotonic molar concentration, hemolysis can be determined by finding the
The normal core temperature in adults ranges between 36.5°C and 37.5°C and hypothermia can be defined as core body temperature less than 36°C.(ref 1)
Plasma is one of the three components of blood and contains all the clotting factors found in blood. From the plasma many different products are manufactured, these are fresh frozen plasma or when the plasma is split into its different components. Plasma is obtained from voluntary donors who donate just plasma via an apheresis machine or they donate whole blood which then gets centrifuged to separate the plasma from the rest of the blood.
Maintaining normal core body temperature (normothermia) in patients within perioperative environments is both a challenging and important aspect to ensure patient safety, comfort and positive surgical outcomes (Tanner, 2011; Wu, 2013; Lynch, Dixon & Leary, 2010). Normorthermia is defined as temperatures from 36C to 38C, and is maintained through thermoregulation which is the balance between heat loss and heat gain (Paulikas, 2008). When normothermia is not maintained within the perioperative environments, and the patient’s core body temperature drops below 36C, they are at risk of developing various adverse consequences due to perioperative hypothermia (Wagner, 2010). Perioperative hypothermia is classified into three
The first was to see how long it would take to lower body temperature, and the next to decide how best to resuscitate a frozen victim. The doctors submerged a naked victim in an icy vat of water. They would insert an insulated thermometer into the victim’s rectum in order to monitor his or her body temperature. The icy vat proved to be the fastest way to drop the body’s temperature. Once the body reached 25 degrees Celsius, the victim would usually die.
Blood is a specialized body fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells — such as nutrients and oxygen — and transports waste products away from those same cells. It can be referred to as a liquid connective tissue. It consists of solid elements made up of RBCs, WBCs and platelets (commonly referred to as the formed elements of the blood), suspended in a fluid medium, plasma which contains, water (about 92%), dissolved proteins, lipids, glucose, mineral ions, hormones, organic acids, urea and other wastes,
Recent studies have shown patients suffering from cardiac arrest are treated with mild therapeutic hypothermia is now recognized as standard therapy in patients resuscitated from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) leading to unexpected death 1 in 1500 adults each year in this hi tech world (Zheng et al 2001). Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) may increase survival and reduce the amount of neurologic damage after cardiac arrest. According to the recent guidelines, comatose survivors of out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest should be cooled with internal or external cooling techniques to a target temperature of 32 °C to 34 °C (patients with in-hospital cardiac arrest or other primary rhythms may also be cooled. This target temperature should be maintained for 12 to 24 hours, and after this cooling period the patients should be rewarmed at a rate of 0.25 °C to 0.5 °C hour to normothermia. Significant survival and functional benefit impelling increased acceptance of use of TH.
The topic chosen is blood transfusion. Blood transfusion is one of the most common procedures that are performed in the hospital setting to save lives and help improve one’s health. People who have serious injuries may need blood transfusions to replace the lost of blood. Some of the injuries are more critical than others and require an enormous amount of blood. In addition, many people have illnesses that prevent their body from making blood properly. Blood circulates in the body providing oxygen and nutrients and collects waste so it can be eliminated by the body; therefore, it is an important factor for everyone’s lives (Lewis Medical surgical nursing). Blood should be carefully transfused. Although it is a lifesaver, nurses should follow the proper procedure and strict guidelines to safely transfuse the blood. One sample error during transfusion can cause someone life.These situations can lead to death, especially in serious cases. So nurses must have knowledge and understand the purpose of blood transfusion.
The company provides innovative solutions to combat postoperative conditions such as hypothermia. Medical research indicates that 60 to 80 percent of all postoperative recovery room patients are clinically hypothermic. Hypothermia is caused by a patient’s exposure to cold operating room temperatures that are required by surgeons to control infection, and for the personal comfort of the surgeon. Hypothermia can also be a result of heat loss due to evaporation of the fluids used to scrub patients, evaporation from exposed bowel, and breathing of dry anesthetic gases. Dr. Augustine’s personal experience in the operating room convinced him that there was a need for a new system to warm patients after surgery.
The Mayo Clinic defines a blood transfusion as “a routine medical procedure in which donated blood is provided to you through a narrow tube placed within a vein in your arm”. The first human blood transfusion on record was conducted by Dr. Jean-Baptiste Denys, a French physician during the late 1600’s. Although Denys’ transfusions weren’t sound proof and often written off as unorthodox, he unknowingly ushered in a new era of medicine and laid the foundation for modern advances in Hematology. I choose this topic because I volunteer to donate blood four times a year alongside thousands of other people. On average these donations help save 4.5 million Americans that would die in a years’ time without a blood transfusion. These generous people
The body can inhibit this blood flow to only 0.5-1.0 cc/min/100 cc in full constriction, which in comparison to the normal 80-90 cc/min/100 cc during full dilation is a major decline [9]. The decrease in blood flow causes the extremities to become colder and colder which induces a condition called Hunter’s Response, this causes the blood vessels to switch between dilating for a period of time and then constricting. The body does this so that it can preserve as much function in the extremities as possible whilst still maintaining a healthy temperature in the centre of the body. However, the brain senses this as the body undergoing hyperthermia and then constricts blood vessels permanently to insure cold blood isn’t being returned to internal organs [2]. When the body restricts blood flow to the extremities they’re no longer receiving the warmth that regular blood flow provides, this causes the tissue to drop below 0oC. Skin that becomes this cold undergoes four phases resulting in frostbite. First to occur is the pre-freeze phase where the cold results in the blood becoming more viscous, blood vessels constrict and causes leakage of endothelial plasma. Secondly the freeze phase, this is when ice crystals form in the extracellular spaces of the
This theory takes into question whether or not a person is judged by their actions or their character. If a person is judged by their actions, then the theory states that they are judged ethically. If a person is judged by their character, then they are judged morally. This theory states that there is always a constant internal fight between a person’s ethics and morals. Transfusions are usually performed on patients going in for surgery or those suffering from injury such as loss of blood in a car accident or disease. Cancer is a prime candidate for the use of blood transfusions since it impacts the organs that affect your body’s blood count thereby greatly reducing red and white blood cell count. Whether it is a blood illness, burn, or liver failure various parts of blood can be used to counteract the damage done by such conditions using either red or white blood cells along with platelets. While blood transfusions play a vital role in combating both illness and injury with success these procedures do have some form of risk involved that any blood recipient must take into
The study of structure, function and pathological disorders in blood is called “Haematology”. Blood consists of 55% plasma and 45% blood cells. Plasma is a mixture of 7% protein, 91% water and 2% other solutes. The types of proteins present in blood are albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen. Other remaining solutes consist of ions, nutrients, gases and respiratory substances and waste products. On th...
“John first took leftover prescription painkillers and numbed his left foot in ice water to reduce impending pain. He then buried his foot in dry ice for six hours to induce severe frostbite and force surgeons to operate” (Adams, 2007).
According to KenHub, the blood consists of cells, cell fragment and an aqueous solution(plasma).45% of blood are red blood cells, white blood cell and platelets and the rest are plasma which consists of water, plasma protein and