How the Arm and the Leg are Adapted for Their Special Function
Both the arm and the leg are adapted in a variety of ways to
accommodate their special functions. The primary function of the lower
limb is to support the weight of the body and to provide a stable
foundation in standing, walking and running. Thus, in general it can
be seen that in the lower limb, adaptation to stability takes
precedence over adaptation to mobility. The upper limb is the organ of
manual activity, and as such is a multijointed lever freely movable on
the upper trunk at the shoulder joint. At the distal end of the upper
limb is the important prehensile organ- the hand. Much of its
importance is dependent on the adaptations that allow the pincer-like
motion of the thumb.
Much of the stability of the lower limb is attributable to the pelvic
girdle. The body mass acts through the vertebral column on the pelvic
girdle, which in turn transmits forces to the lowerlimbs. Whereas the
pectoral girdle of the upper limb is united to the trunk by only a
small joint, the sternoclavicular joint, the two hip bones articulate
posteriorly with the trunk at the sacroiliac joints and anteriorly
with each other at the symphysis pubis. This stability is in marked
contrast with the upper limb. Forces are transmitted from the pelvis
to the femur at the hip joint. As a ball and socket, the hip is
intrinsically stable. The acetabulum being deepened by the acetabular
labrum, as well as strong capsular ligaments provide for a strong hip
joint. As the centre of gravity falls behind the hip joint, the
tendency when standing is for the hip to be hyperextended. The strong
iliofemora...
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...d, as well as the long
flexor and extensor muscles allow for the fine movements in the hand.
The lumbricals and interossei, being particularly of importance as
they flex the metacarpophalangeal joints and extend the
interphalangeal joints, allowing for intricate movements of the
fingers such as in playing the piano or even holding a pen. The thenar
and hypothenar eminences help cup the hand, which along with the
palmar aponeurosis, allow for an increased grip.
Thus the upper and lower limbs, as opposed to the arm and the leg in
the essay question which anatomically only refers to the parts between
the shoulder and elbow and that between the knee joint and the ankle,
are many ways adapted to their special functions. A common theme being
the trade-off between stability and mobility, and yet which is more
important?
Epiphysis, is spherical in shape and is located at both the distal and proximal end of a long bone. It consists of an irregular latticework of needle-like threads of bone called trabeculae. Therefore, the spongy bone in the epiphyses help to withstand compressive forces. It passes on strength to a bone by adding minimum weight. The trabeculae also helps to develop the weight of the body out of the bony collar of the diaphysis.
The gluteus maximus originates from both the ilium and the sacrum and inserts on the femur. The gluteus minimus abducts and rotates the thigh outward. The biceps femoris originates from the tuberosity of the ischium and is responsible for abducting the thigh and flexing the hindlimb or in humans the thigh/leg. The gastrognemius originates from the lateral sesamoid bone of the femur and extends the hindfoot in minks and the calves in humans (Scott).
head, to the right shoulder, all the way down to the right part of the
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This type of joint mainly includes long bones as it’s necessary for movement in the skeletal
Kinesiology can be defined as the study of mechanics of body movements, so I think that is very important to know the meaning of movement when studying kinesiology. Everything in kinesiology has to do with the movement. Every action the body takes is a movement which is what kinesiology is. You cannot be successful in the field of kinesiology no matter what you are doing if you do not understand what movement is. It is the study of human movement, performance, and function by applying the sciences of biomechanics, anatomy, physiology, and neuroscience. It looks at movement and which muscles are involved to create movement relating to strength exercising and sports technique. Movement is an act of changing physical location or position or of
Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology Third Edition by Eldra Pear Soloman (pgs. 51 and 58)
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Limb lengthening surgery has come a long way since the days of the first procedures that took place in the early 1950's. What a ground-breaking idea it was to lengthen limbs. This surgery meant freedom for people who were afflicted with crippling disabilities. For those who had suffered the debilitating disease of polio - to congenital limb defects or dwarfism, the hope of having straight, longer limbs was a God-send.
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My understanding of kinesiology prior to enrolling in the course, is that I knew kinesiology is the scientific study of human movement , and that it involved sports and exercise and physical activity.I 'm interested in kinesiology , because I love anything that has to do with sports, and to get more of a detailed report on how human movement plays such a big role in the sports world.I have played sports for most of my life my interests our football, basketball,baseball.I started football my eighth grade year, and continued to play threw high school, until I tore my meniscus and mcl so I skipped my junior year of football , and came back my senior year had a really great season started at right offensive tackle.Missing my junior year in football really took a toll on me ,I could have gained so much more experience playing if so. I 've played basketball probably since the third grade , and continued to play threw high school even threw my knee injury ,I played travel basketball as well a
The muscular system is a very important part of the human body. It has many components and functions, and is the source of the body’s movement. There are roughly 650 muscles in the human body and are different types of muscles. Muscles can either be voluntary or involuntary which means controlled or uncontrolled movement. Muscles have many reasons and in this paper you will widen your knowledge of muscles and their functions as well their diseases and how they help maintain the body.
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