One of the most known scientists, William Crookes was born June17.1832, in London, England, the son of Joseph Crookes and his second wife, Mary Scott. “At the age of 15, he despite his father’s wish that he become an architect, he chose industrial chemistry as a career; he entered the Royal College of chemistry in London, where he began conducting research. At the age of 19, in 1855 he became Superintendent of the Meteorological Department, Radcliffe Observatory, at Oxford”. The most remarkable among Crookes’s chemical studies is the one that led him to a discovery of thallium through the spectroscopic method in 1861. In 1879, Crookes studied the effects of passing an electric current through a gas in a sealed tube. The tube contained electrodes …show more content…
at either end or a flow of electrically charged particles moved from one of electrodes. This electrode was called “the cathode”, and the particles were known as ”cathode rays”. Many later scientists take cathode rays as an old name for electron, which is used for almost about everything today, mostly in electricity. William Crookes who was president of the Chemical Society, the Society of Chemical Industry and the British Association, created a way for many discoveries in his home laboratory where he liked to spend most of his time; he elaborated scientific photography, which he realized that it was helpful for scientists to allow them to see some phenomena that were invisible to the naked eye. He did many procedures and experiments, where one of the first one that he did, he took photographs of flame spectra “an analytic procedure used in chemistry to detect the presence of certain elements, primarily metal ions, based on each element's characteristic emission spectrum. The color of flames in general also depends on temperature, several years before Gustav Kirchhoff and Robert Bunsen, although he did not realize the significance of his results.” Although after finishing his studies at Royal Institution discourse that hinted at Bunsen’s spectroscopic discovery of rubidium, Crookes was focused on an element of his own. He continued his hunt for a new element in every mineral sample he could lay his hands on, searching methodically for unclaimed spectroscopic “lines”. Finally, in samples from which he had to differentiate selenium for Hofmann, using “the amid the expected lines of selenium, sodium and lithium.” He saw a bright green emission passing through and he called the new element thallium.
Based on the new element that he saw by its bright green emission line, he chose the name of the element using the Greek word “thallos” means "a young, green shoot" or "twig." He continued his study of thallium for so many years, succeeding in differentiating it, by characterizing the properties of its compounds. Especially after a long delay, in 1873, he has been able to get the atomic weight of his new element “Thallium”. His discovery of thallium brought Crookes a significant amount of recognition, trust and also he was able to take a part in his election into the Royal Society of London in “1863”. The discovery of the element also led to his discovery of the principle upon which he built the Crookes radiometer which is also known as “light mill”. The light mill is an instrument that helps to measure the radiant energy of the heat and light, this instrument was also able to produce rotational motion from light. This fundamental of measuring the radiant energy of the heat and light of the radiometer helped Crookes to discover numerous applications in the development and evolution of sensitive measuring …show more content…
instruments. “It is not known precisely when Crookes began his work with the evacuated glass tubes that are commonly associated with his name, but it was presumably during his attempts to measure the weight of thallium in a vacuum, around 1869-1870.
Crookes tubes are glass vacuum chambers that contain a positive electrode (anode) and a negative electrode (cathode). When an electrical current is passed between the electrodes of one of the tubes, a glow can be seen in the chamber. It is now known that the glow is due to the interaction of electrons, which travel from the cathode to the anode, with residual gas present in the device.” At the beginning when Crookes started his studies with the fluorescent light, it was not understood very well, just because of the mysterious rays, which were called “cathode rays” because they were seemed to be produced by the negative electrode. But his experiments, was so helpful to show how the new information was important for the nature of the unknown rays. The discovery or invention of cathode rays has influenced many scientists, it is very remarkable that many other scientists had devised to change or improve the tubes almost similar to those that Crookes has invented in the years before he begin his studies in the
area. Michael Faraday had used a comparable device late in 1830s that was evacuated to a pressure of about 2 millimeters, after a while he discovered the dark area in the tube right near the cathode that came to be known as Faraday’s dark space. “Heinrich Geissler (1815-1879) who is well known in history of scientific instrument, had also invented an improved vacuum tube in which two electrodes could be placed, on each end. An electrical current was sent through the system, and as the air in the tube was evacuated, it would begin to glow.” Crookes who was influenced or concerned by Geissler’s invention had made further refinement to the system and in the late 1870s the first practical cathode-ray tube was designed. This instrument was consisted of a vacuum tube with two electrodes (a cathode and an anode), one at each end of the tube “Julius Plücker increased the vacuum in the tubes and found that this resulted in a differently colored glow and an increase in the Faraday dark space in the late 1850s, and his student Johann Hittorf noticed that an object placed in front of the cathode produced a shadow. Nevertheless, sealed glass tubes encasing a cathode and an anode are most commonly called Crookes tubes, possibly because the tubes used by Crookes during his investigations, which were formed by a skilled instrument maker and could be evacuated to about 1/100 millimeters of mercury, were the best produced up to that time, or perhaps because Crookes published so many foundational papers recounting his experiments with the tubes that they became indelibly linked with his name.” This really shows that many scientists were interested in Crooke’s invention and they were desired to change or improve some parts of Crookes tube” As a quick conclusion, cathode ray is a continuous flow of electrons, or shoots electrons. It is very used everywhere, mostly in electricity and in TVs and in the monitors of computers. Except in flat screen of TVs. The main reason is simply that the flat TV does not use cathode ray tube. You can tell but the fact that the regular TV is not flat the back, it has a big compartment behind it. The cathode ray tube is inside that big compartment. Flat screen TV's use LCD (liquid crystal display). Laptops don't use cathode ray tubes either, that is why they are flat. “Crookes's Radiometer is today marketed as a conversation piece called a light-mill or solar engine. It consists of four vanes, each of which is blackened on one side and silvered on the other”. These are attached to the arms of a rotor which is balanced on a vertical support in such a way that it can turn with very little friction. The mechanism is encased inside a clear glass bulb that has been pumped out to a high, but not perfect, vacuum.
In 1895, Professor Wilhelm C. Roentgen, a German physicist, was working with a cathode ray tube, much like our fluorescent light bulb. The tube consisted of positive and negative electrodes encapsulated in a glass envelope. On November 8, 1895, Roentgen was conducting experiments in his lab on the effects of cathode rays. He evacuated all the air from the tube and passed a high electric voltage through it after filling it with a special gas. When he did this, the tube began to give off a fluorescent glow. Roentgen then shielded the tube with heavy black paper and discovered a green colored fluorescent light could be seen coming from a screen located a few feet away from the tube.
... Royal Society. He discovered numerous things about matters such as light and gravity, and in 1703 was elected as president of the Royal Society.
John Dalton, born 6th September 1766, is known for developing the theory of the elements and compounds atomic mass and weights and his research in colour blindness.
"The Discovery of X-Rays." The Discovery of X-Rays. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2014. .
Roscher, Nina M., and Cavanaugh, Margaret A. (1987). "Academic Women Chemists in the 20th Century: Past, Present, Projections." Journal of Chemical Education 64:823-827.
and opened doors for later scientists that were in his field of organic synthesis. He was a
Discovered that certain chemicals glowed when exposed to cathode rays. These chemicals were special because they weren’t deflected by the magnetic field produced in the cathode ray tube (which was built by Sir William Crookes in 1870).
Robert Boyle is the most influential Anglo-Irish scientist in history. He played a key role in the history of science by establishing the experimental method, on which all modern science is based (Mollan). Also, with his assistant Robert Hooke, he began pioneering experiments on the properties of gases, including those expressed in Boyle's law. He demonstrated the physical characteristics of air, showing that is is necessary in combustion, respiration, and sound transmission. He also wrote The Sceptical Chymist in 1661, in which he attacked Aristotle's theory of four elements. This was an essential part of the modern theory of chemical elements.
In the first several chapters of The Double Helix, James Watson gives detailed descriptions of the places and people who were of some importance in this charade of science. Watson wrote of his personal history and of how he arrived at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge. In this laboratory was a yet-unknown thirty-five year old man named Frances Crick . When Watson joined the team at Cavendish it was to help continue studies on the structure of proteins. Some of the people in the lab that Watson mentioned were Sir Lawr...
To quote a biography written by the Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University, Linus was “a remarkable man who insistently addressed certain crucial human problems while pursuing an amazing array of scientific interests, Dr. Pauling was almost as well known to the American public as he was to the world’s scientific community” (n.p., n.d.). It is apparent that Linus Carl Pauling is glorified as one of the greatest scientists of the 20th century, because he had a historical impact in science, an effect on society, and a personal impact on everyone around him. Historical Impact From an early age Pauling served as an example of success for his peers, often offering as a teacher to recently taken classes while he was in school (Simoni, 2003). To give a perspective into the accomplishments of Pauling’s career, he is currently the sole person to be awarded two Nobel Prizes: the Nobel Prize for Chemistry (1954) and the Nobel Prize for Peace (1962). Pauling published a General Chemistry book that has been used by various programs of undergraduate studies.
Many discoveries in our vast universe can be attributed to amateur astronomers. I remember my first time discovering the moon with a simple telescope. Dr. William Huggins is what we can call an amateur. He is by far one of the wealthiest “amateurs” and influential astronomers of his time. Sir William Huggins was born in Stoke Newington, England on Feb. 7, 1824. Dr. William was born into a wealthy family and spent most of his time not having to work. He took advantage of this and worked with private tutors in the fields of mathematics, physics, and chemistry. Sir Williams was a self-motivated learner. Even at younger ages he showed interest in many studies. He built apparatuses little by little to conduct his experiments. At the age of 28 he was appointed to the Microscopical Society for his studies of plants and animals physiology. During this period of his life, Sir Williams was not much of an Astronomer. He spent much of his time working at his parent’s business located in London.
Bruce Mattson. “Henry Cavendish 1731-1810”. History of Gas Chemistry. Updated September 25, 2001. Retrieved December 1, 2011
The usage of vague and opinionated premises in the theory of the “Dark Sucker” causes some second guessing and misconstrues the reliability of the theory. In comparison to the standard “Photon Emitting” theory, the Dark sucker theory does not produce a clear explanation of why a light bulb should be considered a Dark Sucker. The Dark Sucker theory cannot be proven better than the scientific theory of the way that light is emitted and visual to human eyes. The Explanations that are given by the Dark Sucker theory can all be re-explained in vivid details, along with common scientific laws, such as its reason for the black smut, which can be re-explained through science as the residue left from the heated material as it is burnt during the transfer of kinetic energy from the atoms as they explode and transfer energy from one another. The Criteria of Adequacy can also further prove why
Of all the scientists to emerge from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries there is one whose name is known by almost all living people. While most of these do not understand this mans work, everyone knows that his impact on the world is astonishing.
From a discovery made by one of his associates, he patented the Edison effect (now called thermionic diode), which is the basis for all electron tubes. Edison will forever be remembered for his contributions to the incandescent light bulb. Even though he didn't dream up the first light bulb ever crafted, and technology continues to change every day, Edison's work with light bulbs was a spark of brilliance on the timeline of invention.