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Impact of attachment at developmental stages
Role of attachment during infancy
Theories of maternal infant attachment
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Recommended: Impact of attachment at developmental stages
Infant Children most always feels very secure with their mother or guardian. When carrying for a child you always have to give them their basic requirements, but you also have to show them love and affection. Love and affection can have more affect on a child than just giving them basic needs. In my psychology class, we talked about a psychologist named Harry F. Harlow. He performed an experiment at the University of Wisconsin which was on the mother/ child bond with monkeys. I will review some of that experiment and explain how this experiment was very true within my life.
Harry F. Harlow was an American Psychologist who studied human behavior and development through studies of social behavior of monkeys. Harlow got his BA and PhD of Psychology from Stanford University. Then, later on got a job and did his studies at the University of Wisconsin. Harlow’s experiment consisted of young monkeys being separated from their mother right after birth. Then, the monkeys were raised in the laboratories which had mothers that were made up of wired mesh and another with wood and a terry cloth. When the infant monkeys were placed in the cage with only one mother was equipped with a nipple which was the wired mesh mother. It was placed so the infant monkey could nurse. Even though the wired monkey had nourishment, the young monkey would most often cling to the terry cloth mother. Harlow would place a monkey inside a cage. Then, began to make loud noises against the cage or play recordings that made the monkey feel insecure. The monkey always seemed to go toward the terry cloth mother as it began to get scared. The infant monkey would go for comfort, but eventually would get nourishment from the wired mother.
The conclusion of this...
... middle of paper ...
...experiment was done instead of imaging it.
We know that these things are important because children need basic needs, but also need to be shown love and affection. Harry Harlow showed on his experiment how true basic needs and affection have on animals and humans. Every child in the world needs to experience these things in life, but I know they do not. Maybe of ever kid in the world got attention like they are supposed too things would be a lot different. Kids don’t always want just basic needs they want to know that their loved too. This is one of the most interesting experiments that I learned about in my psychology class which was awesome.
Works Cited
Schultheis, E. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/harlow.htm
Harlow, H. F. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.lphslibrary.org/uploads/7/2/9/6/7296009/harlow_nature_of_love.pdf
As they explore around the woods, they must be in an area where they can see their guardian. It is a feeling of comfort for the infant. Similarly, human infants cannot leave their parent’s comfort zone. Baby infants cries when they do not see their parent around, which leave them to feel insecure. Infants do not feel insecure once they are out for birth. This is an example of nurture in which the infant's need someone to rely on for food and comfort.
The mother-infant bond is the familiarity and attachment a mother forms with her offspring. These helpless babies are reliant on their mother’s nurture for survival. This dependence reaches farther than a physiological need. Infants rely on their mothers for a wide variety of demands. The mother-infant bond is critical to maximizing the fitness of each individual, as well as the growth of the species.
Bowlby’s idea was to draw a comparison between ethology and infants. Harlow’s (1958) simultaneous experiment demonstrated that infant monkeys who were separated and isolated from their mothers in their early stages ...
Children need to be loved and nurtured, especially as infants, in a way that only a human parent can provide.
The attachment theory, presented by Mary Ainsworth in 1969 and emerged by John Bowlby suggests that the human infant has a need for a relationship with an adult caregiver, and without a subsequent, development can be negatively impacted (Hammonds 2012). Ainsworth proposes that the type of relationship and “attachment” an infant has with the caregiver, can impact the social development of the infant. As stated by Hammonds (2012), attachment between a mother and a child can have a great impact on the child 's future mental
The Little Albert experiment has become a widely known case study that is continuously discussed by a large number of psychology professionals. In 1920, behaviorist John Watson and his assistant Rosalie Rayner began to conduct one of the first experiments done with a child. Stability played a major factor in choosing Albert for this case study, as Watson wanted to ensure that they would do as little harm as possible during the experiment. Watson’s method of choice for this experiment was to use principles of classic conditioning to create a stimulus in children that would result in fear. Since Watson wanted to condition Albert, a variety of objects were used that would otherwise not scare him. These objects included a white rat, blocks, a rabbit, a dog, a fur coat, wool, and a Santa Claus mask. Albert’s conditioning began with a series of emotional tests that became part of a routine in which Watson and Rayner were determining whether other stimuli’s could cause fear.
The strength of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is that it has influenced practice in childcare settings as it aids in the understanding of the child more clearly and children and young people can be helped in ensuring that their basic needs are met in order or them to learn and make the correct choices about their health, safety and well-being. However a weakness of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is that it cannot be tested or measured precisely if one need has been fulfilled before the next need has to be achieved.
The attachment process plays a crucial role in a child’s development and their future impact on society According to Dr Suzanne Zeedyk. Children can’t feel relaxed and safe with the adults & children in the nursery until they get to know them. If there’s a lack of affection towards a child they may be reluctant to take advantage of all the learning opportunities because of their anxiety. We now know that relationships literally shape the neural connections in young children’s brains. This means everything that happens or doesn’t happen for the child will leaves a physiological trace in their growing brain. According to Dr Suzanne
Through the well-studied idea of maternal-infant attachment there has been important insight into a child’s development. Mary Ainsworth found through her “Strange Situation” experiment that there are three distinct types of attachment that infants form; anxious avoidant, secure, and anxious resistant (O’Gorman, 2013). Later a fourth attachment style known as, disorganized attachment, was identified (CITE). Secure attachment is linked to maternal sensitivity just as insecure attachment is linked to maternal rejection or unpredictable maternal response to an infant’s desires and needs (Kinsvatter, Desmond, Yanikoski, & Stahl, 2013). Infants are “at risk” of developing an insecure attachment to their mother when they are placed in alternative care before nine months of age (Stifter, Coulehan, & Fish, 1993). This is concerning in that we see there are negative effec...
In the early 1950s, Harry Harlow’s famous study of rhesus monkeys to determine attachment relationships demonstrated that infant rhesus monkeys raised in isolation, preferred the comfort of a cloth-covered surrogate mother to that of a wire-mesh surrogate with an attached feeding bottle. Harlow wished to dispute the traditional view that affection and mother–infant attachment was based on food, and his experiments had clearly demonstrated that the foundations of attachment were not associated solely with the need for nourishment. A more important facet of human nature was that the profoundly meaningful act of physical intimacy plays a greater role in the health of an infant than nourishment alone. (Vicedo 2009)
One of the most famous experiments on attachment was Harlow’s monkey experiments. After watching a video of the monkey experiments the conclusion is that ...
Infant attachment is the first relationship a child experiences and is crucial to the child’s survival (BOOK). A mother’s response to her child will yield either a secure bond or insecurity with the infant. Parents who respond “more sensitively and responsively to the child’s distress” establish a secure bond faster than “parents of insecure children”. (Attachment and Emotion, page 475) The quality of the attachment has “profound implications for the child’s feelings of security and capacity to form trusting relationships” (Book). Simply stated, a positive early attachment will likely yield positive physical, socio-emotional, and cognitive development for the child. (BOOK)
Weinfield, N., Sroufe, L., Egeland, B., & Carlson, E. (2008). Individual differences in infant-caregiver attachment: Conceptual and empirical aspects of security. In J. Cassidy, P. Shaver (Eds.). Handbook of Attachment: Theory, research, and clinical application (2nd ed.) (pp. 78-101). New York, NY US: Guilford Press.
The paper Total social isolation in monkeys by Dodsworth, Harlow, & Harlow (1965), likens rhesus monkeys to children as parallels exist between the social development of humans and monkeys. The study kept infant rhesus monkeys in total isolation therefore depriving them completely of any caregiver and possibility of attachment, mimicking children in orphanages, or children suffering from emotional, physical or sexual abuse. Though no monkeys died during isolation, a monkey that had been isolated for 3 months developed emotional anorexia and refused to eat subsequently dying. While the effects of total social isolation from birth was severely deleterious, rhesus monkeys that had been socially isolated from birth showed no social skills such as play, aggression or sexual behavior, though instead high levels of fear in social situations. Harlow however observed that though the social or emotional brain had been obliterated, the intellectual portion seemed to be intact. Suomi and Harlow (1972) also found th...
...preschool years they will learn to initiate and carry out tasks based on experience or exposure to those tasks. Interactions with parents, teachers, peers, and other adults are important in a child's life. These relationships actually shape the brain and lay the foundation for later developmental outcomes, from academic performance to mental health and interpersonal skills.