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With the aid of examples, examine the use of qualitative research methods as a methodology
5 principles of research ethics
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Recommended: With the aid of examples, examine the use of qualitative research methods as a methodology
Ethics are an important aspect of conducting research, especially when choosing participants. Due to the difficulties that may arise when asking a client to re-live their counseling experience, which may evoke difficult emotions. For this study clients from a voluntary sector counselling service were informed and provided with consent forms should they wish to participate. Only a small number of people agreed to partake in the study and the researchers made contact with them three to four months after they finished therapy to minimise intrusion. Assessing the validity of a qualitative research article requires a set of quality criteria to be followed, which was developed by Elliott, Fischer and Rennie (1999). Firstly the researcher has to …show more content…
Sufficient examples are required to show analytic procedures that have been used so the reader can understand these. In this article qualitative research involved collecting data through audio recordings of interviews. One of the main strengths of using this approach was the use of grounded theory analysis, which is simply the discovery of emerging patterns in data. Unstructured interviews were carried out through the use of open questioning. Which produces an individual, accurate and detailed account that can then be recorded and transcribed for analysis. By using interviews to gather the data the researcher was able to be guided by the participants rather than be restricted to specific questions. A systematic approach was used in the article through grounded theory analysis. In this study the researcher records the interviews and then transcribes them on a computer whereby the data is analysed and coded. Common themes in the data are observed and then grouped together into categories. The good thing about coding is that it you can keep going back through the data and identify similar material, which gains in significance. Finally carrying out credibility checks on the categories that were formed was carried out by re-examining interview segments, obtaining key quotes to support their
Corbin, Juliet & Strauss, Anselm (1990), Grounded Theory Research: Procedures, Canons and Evaluative Criteria. Zeitschrift fur Sociology 19:418-427
Goulding, Christina. "Grounded theory, ethnography and phenomenology: A comparative analysis of three qualitative strategies for marketing research."European journal of Marketing 39, no. 3/4 (2005): 294-308.
This book provides readers within the mental health professions with a comprehensive look on both the theoretical as well as practical aspects of providing sound, ethical care to individuals which seek their help. Becoming an ethical helping professional challenge and encourage students and professionals when making ethical choices as a helping professional to consider both the process and the content of the decision. The book is comprised of thirteen chapters which are subdivided into three sections. Section one looks at the foundation where chapter contents include; counseling ethics and the big picture and philosophical and culture: roots and prism. Section two focuses on the day to day challenges common to all and includes confidentiality, trust and boundaries, roles and limits. Section three on the other hand, entails specific specialties and professional identities where chapter titles include counseling in schools, teaching mentoring and supervision. Each chapter is supplemented with a pause for reflection section and concludes with a wrap up section. The book ends with an epilogue, references, and appendix, author and subject index sections respectively.
Ethics in the counselling and psychotherapy protects the client and the therapist involved in the therapeutic relationship and the therapeutic process as a whole; with the concepts that act as a guide for the therapists in provision of good practice and care for the client. The framework is built on values of counselling and psychotherapy; principles of trustworthiness, autonomy, fidelity, justice, beneficence, non-maleficence and self-respect, and provides standards of good practice and care for the practitioner (BACP, 2010). Ethical framework contributes to the development of the therapeutic relationship and process by assisting therapist’s decisions, and guides their behaviour and proceedings within their legal rights and duties. The ethical frame is structured on the boundaries of the therapeutic relationship and the therapists should be aware of their categories and be responsible for their forms. Monitoring and being aware of what goes on in and out of the room physically, emotionally and psychologically is primarily the duty of the therapist.
To complete the above fieldwork exercise, the method of qualitative research utilised was Ethnography. Ethnography is a method in which the ethnographer or researcher becomes either an overt or a covert participant in the lives of people (Hammersley & Atkinson, 2105). It involves collecting any data that is available to explore the focus of the research (Hammersley & Atkinson, 2007). One could suggest Ethnography is a method to study society and culture (Berg and Lune, 2017).
The author could have employed other methods of qualitative research such as, narrative analysis, grounded theory, discourse analysis, data display and analysis, content analysis and quantifying qualitative data and computer assisted qualitative data analysis software (CAPDAS) (Saunders et al., 2016). Nevertheless, these approaches seem cumbersome sometimes and take a long time to complete (Willig, 1999; Braun and Clarke, 2006 and Smith and Bekker,
Qualitative research is an approach that attempts to situate an activity that locates the observer in the world by providing the study to occur in their natural setting and by attempting to make sense of, or interpret information (Denzin and Lincoln, 2005). A characteristic of qualitative research is to use a variety of empirical materials such as personal experience, interviews, and questionnaires. It is imperative to understand the task at hand and how to fully carry out the study when using a qualitative research approach in order to find out the information needed. One view of qualitative research is it involves examining individual’s experiences and documenting those experiences in detail (Jones, 2011). By documenting these observations the researcher is ensuring validity in his or her data and giving the correct creditability to those who participated in the study.
The research is guided by a theoretical framework called the Grounded Theory Approach. The Grounded Theory Approach (GT), first described by Glaser and Strauss in 1967, is an inductively formatted, general method of research that is aimed towards theory development through the data collection process and constant comparative analysis of that data. Cohen and Crabtree, 2006). The concept relies contingently upon the data the study presents and is characterized by the proposed theory being perfectly depicted by the data accumulated. Cohen and Crabtree, 2006).
Ethical issues in a counseling practice lay the foundation of a therapist in practice. Ethics are at the center of how the counseling process functions and operates in a successful manner for the clients who seek help in such a setting. In order for the counseling profession to be ethical and hold professional recognition, there are many facets that need to be examined and outlined to make sure all counselors and practitioners are functioning at the highest level and withholding their duties required by the counseling profession. The first introduction so to speak of the area of ethics also happens to be one of the first steps in counseling, which is the informed consent. The informed consent provides the basis of what happens or will be happening in a counseling setting and serves to inform the client to their rights, responsibilities, and what to expect. Most importantly, the informed consent is in place for the client’s benefit. It also is important to understand that culture and environment play a role in the treatment of a client and how theories can positively or negatively impact this treatment. Therapists need to understand how to work within the context of a theory while being able to understand the individual in their own environment. Although theories are put into place to serve as a framework, there are also alternative ways to approach counseling, one example being evidence-based practice. Such an approach is very specific, which presents a series of solutions for counseling as a whole, but also brings forth many problems. Every approach or theory introduces ethical concerns that need to be taken into consideration by the entire counseling community and how each can positively and negatively affect clients and the pr...
The thematic analysis can be applied to analyse the meaning of speech content and reported as the core theme (Reissman, 2008). Thematic analysis emphasises on human’s perceptions, emotions and the incidents related to research questions (Katz, 2014). Within the phenomenological approach, thematic analysis spotlights subjectively on the experience of human. In terms of data analysis, the researcher analysed in an inductive way. The themes discovered were obviously associated with the data because thematic analysis is not link to any pre-existing theoretical framework (Braun & Clarke 2006).
The article argues that psychotherapist and researchers should use qualitative evidence that constitutes as clients’ own experiences of therapy. Authors noted that through their research they found that some clients do not like to talk about their past and will avoid therapeutic engagement. Although the research results were robust there were no infancies on the type of theoretical orientation used. Taking in consideration of the result, authors developed an agenda that relational and client factors are important factors in the outcome of psychotherapy. Authors indicated that in their findings it shows that clients come to a psychotherapist with a story and that it is the psychotherapist job to make them feel safe and allow them to talk about their experiences.
In this paper, I will define quantitative and qualitative research methods and provide examples in the context of social issues which will hopefully provide insight into how this methods are properly applied.
Liamputtong, P. & Ezzy, D., 2005, Qualitative research methods, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, South Melbourne, Victoria, pp. 12-31.
Discussion Questions You can help your firm innovate by creating a culture in which all employees are actively encouraged to put ideas forward. But how do you get the best from people and encourage them to be at their most creative Allocate time for new ideas to emerge. For example each team would have set aside time for brainstorming as well as held regular group workshops and arrange team days out. Each team involved in a brainstorming session is likely to be more effective than the sum of its parts. Individuals within the team can feed off each other exploring, testing and refining ideas.
Qualitative data analysis is the process of transforming data into information, information into understanding and understanding into knowledge (Davenport & Prusak, 1998). Furthermore, qualitative data analysis can be described as a blend of scientific studies and artistic style to create an innovative product. The research acts as the primary research tool, and must be able to sustain composer throughout the entire study. In addition, the researcher must be able to pay attention to the small details of the study, without losing sight of the big picture of the study (Chenail, 2012).